The European Reformation & it’s impact on the Americas

1. The European Reformation & it’s impact on the Americas 1. What was the Protestant Reformation & Counter-reformation? 2. When and what role did the key reformers play in the reformation in Continental Europe? 3. What was the resulting conflict & impact in the Americas?

2. Have you ever disagreed with a belief or practice commonly used or held within your community, family, religion etc... How have you expressed your dissatisfaction with that belief or practice? Explain. To what lengths would you go to express your feelings? What would you do if you found your community, family, religion etc.... practicing a belief you did not agree with? Explain. Journal Write

3. During the Middle Ages (400-1400 AD) the single most important power, politically, socially and culturally was the church- The Catholic Church. At almost the exact time that the New World was discovered, the Old World was changing. The men most responsible for this change are known as the Reformers- here are their stories. The Reformers: Setting the Stage

4. The Reformers: Johannes Gutenberg1410 (?)- 1466 AD Germany Contribution: Invented a printing press capable of mass producing the printed word (books, leaflets, etc....). Significant Contributions: Printed 300 Gutenberg Bibles in both Latin and German. Increased literacy gave the common man access to the bible.

5. The Reformers: Martin LutherBorn: 1483-1546 AD, Germany In 1506, he became a Catholic monk. In 1510, he visited Rome and was shocked by the spiritual laziness and the widespread sell of indulgences*. *Indulgences could be purchased for one's own salvation or to release a loved one from purgatory.

6. The Reformers: Martin Luther All his life, he felt a tremendous burden of guilt. Through prayer and bible study he came to believe men were saved by "grace" & "faith" not ordinances (baptism, marriage etc...). He argued against Papal authority. In 1517, he posted 95 problems with the church on the door of the Wittenberg castle church. In 1521, he was excommunicated by the Pope. His stand against the church made him the leader of the Protestant movement in Germany. The Door upon which Luther Posted his thesis

7. Watch the short film clip: “The Calm Before the Storm” & following the film clip write a short paragraph answering the question below: What was one concern written by Martin Luther on the 95 Thesis? Why do you think this concerned him? Be prepared to share your answer. Think about it

8. The Reformers: John CalvinBorn: 1509-1564 AD, France He studied both theology & law; he grew to appreciate humanistic & reforming movements.

9. The Reformers: John Calvin He underwent a personal religious experience and came to believe that the Bible, not the Pope, was in charge and people were saved by faith not works. He reformed the church in Geneva, Switzerland. As a city/church official, he supported the development of public schools, hospitals, proper sewage system, and help for the poor and sick. Papal Authority Not necessary For salvation His Protestant faith spread throughout Europe.

10. The Reformers: ErasmusBorn: 1469(?)-1536 AD, Italy Contribution: Catholic Scholar. He fought for a kinder and more humane approach towards religion. He worked to reform the Catholic Church. He criticized the leading classes and church dignitaries for their “unchristian behavior.”

11. A reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church that arose in 16th-century Europe in response to the Protestant Reformation. It had two primary goals: 1. Reform theology Council of Trent 2. Stop the spread of the Protestant faith -Hapsburg Emperors (Charles I & Phillip II took military action to stop spread of Protestants) -Inquisitions, primarily in Spanish held lands Counter-Reformation 1st Council 1545 2nd Council 1551 - Clarify Catholic Doctrine - Dealt with issues - Reconfirmed the Nicene Creed raised by English - Canonize the Old and New Church (Henry VIII) Testaments & by French - Set the number of sacraments Calvinists at seven (Huguenots) - Defined original sin i.e. the Mass & - Ruled against Martin Luther transubstantiation.

12. The Habsburg (Spanish Empire) Charles I & Phillip II: The heirs of Ferdinand & Isabel United States Juan Ponce de Leon 1513-1521 Cornado1540–1542) Juan de Onate 1598-1608 Hernando De Soto 1539–1542 Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Florida, 1565–1567 Hernán Cortés (Baja California, 1532–1536) Juan Ponce de León ( Puerto Rico, 1508 Hernán Cortés (Mexico, 1518–1522) (Honduras, 1524) Vasco Núñez de Balboa (Panamá, 1510–1519) Francisco Pizarro (Peru 1509–1535) Juan Pizarro (Perú, 1532–1536 Pedro de Valdivia (Chile, 1540–1552) 12

13. A reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church that arose in 16th-century Europe in response to the Protestant Reformation. 3. Education and missionary work aimed at conversion & reconversion -Jesuits (often lay members mobility and adaptability) Counter-Reformation

14. What have we studied that shows the impact of the Counter-Reformation in the Americas? Did the church, through the Spanish, meet their goals? Explain your answer. Think about it

15. The Thirty Year War Consequences of Protestant Reformation in Germany

16. Cause: Fought in the Germanic territories of the Holy Roman Empire. It was a religious conflict between Lutheran Protestants, some Calvinist Protestants and Catholics. The Thirty Year War 1618-1648 The Habsburg monarchs, the heirs of Ferdinand & Isabel from Spain, were Catholic. The German Nobles were Protestant. The war was fought both to determine which religion would have power in Germany- Catholic or Protestant, and to determine who would reign: the Catholic Kings or the Protestant Nobles.

17. The Thirty Year War 20 to 30 percent of the population died due to battle, famine and disease. What Happened?

18. The Thirty Year War 1. Germany divided into many different States. 2. Broke the power of the Hapsburg Empire (Catholics) in Northern Europe. Consequences 3. Gave the “State” power over the church. 4. Many Germans fled war torn Germany for the Americas.... The New Netherlands (New York).

19. Watch the short film clip: “The Thirty Year War” & following the film clip write a short paragraph answering the question below: What might it have been like to live in Germany, or even Rothenburg, during the 30 year war? Think about it

20. The Huguenots were French Calvinists. Huguenots became known for their criticisms of the form of worship found in the Mass War in France

21. Religious wars, followed by brief periods of peace, continued for nearly fifty years. In 1598 the Edict of Nantes established Catholicism as the state religion of France, but granted the Protestants equality with Catholics and some religious and political freedom in France & their colonies War in France An eyewitness depiction of St. Barthelemy in 1572, in which up to 70,000 Huguenots were massacred.

22. In 1685, Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes and declared Protestantism to be illegal Some two million Huguenots fled to surrounding Protestant countries (including those countries ravaged by the Thirty year war), and eventually throughout the world Thousands of French Protestants eventually fled to the Americas. War in France Nova Scotia 1628 All 13 colonies Florida 1562 Brazil 1555

23. A group of Huguenots under the leadership of Jean Ribault in 1562 established the small colony of Fort Caroline in 1564, on the banks of the St. Johns River, in what is today Jacksonville, Florida The colony was the first attempt at any permanent European settlement in the present-day continental United States, the group survived only a short time. In 1565 they were slaughterd by the Spanish. The Spanish remained in Florida until 1819 War in France Note the strategic location of Fort Carolina in the West Indies near the Spanish treasure fleet.

24. Use the map provided in your workbook identify regions within the North and South America impacted by the French Huguenots and German Protestants. On the map provided in your workbook, label those Western European countries impacted most by the Protestant Reformation. In the summary on the next page, be sure to write down who was involved in the reformations and where did the reformations take place. Mapping Activity

25. The Reformation & Counter-Reformation

26. The English Reformation & it’s impact on the Americas 1. How did the English Reformation differ from the European Reformation? 2. What happened and why with England’s first failed attempts at colonization? 3. How did English Religious Conflict and the resulting political philosophies impact the developing political ideas of the Americas?

27. Henry VII flirts with America Or England’s first voyages to America Who did Henry hire to sail in search of Asia? Where was the sailor from? Where did he arrive? What did he think he had found? What happened on his second voyage? What was the result? John Cabot, 1497 Italy Newfoundland, Canada Asia Four ships disappeared Cabot’s fate is still a mystery Henry VII stopped further voyages

28. Henry VII flirts with America Or England’s first voyages to America Newfoundland Canada Asia

29. Marriage as a Political Tool Catherine (daughter of The Catholic Monarchs- Ferdinand & Isabel) Arthur (son of Henry VII & Elizabeth of York)

30. Marriage I Henry VIII was crowned King in 1509, at the age of 19. Henry VIII jousting while Catherine of Aragon looks on Henry VIII allied England with Spain and as part of the Counter-Reformation declared war on France to ensure the victory of Catholicism over Protestants (during the French Religious wars) The Pope gave him the title, Defender of the Faith.

31. Marriage II Additionally he was in love with Anne Boleyn, a lady in waiting (or secretary) to his wife. Catherine & Henry VIII were married 24 years. After a number of miscarriages and several dead infants, Henry came to believe that he was being punished for marrying his dead brothers wife. Henry & Catherine’s only living heir Mary Tudor

32. Anne Boleyn The mistress that changed the course of history Anne studied the writing of Calvin evidence suggests she may have met him personally. She owned and studied the Calvinist Bible.

33. All this for an Heir!?! It pays to be the King! Henry appealed to the Pope for a divorce. The Pope was dependent on Charles V. Charles would not allow the divorce of Catherine (his aunt) from Henry VIII. During the course of Henry’s marriage to Catherine, Spain’s power over the Pope had increased. By now the most powerful person in Europe was Catharine’s nephew, Charles V -the Holy Roman Emperor.* Charles V was the son of Juana the Loca (the grandson of Ferdinand & Isabel)

34. A New Church Political Reformation When the Pope refused to grant Henry a divorce, (drawing on the title the Pope had earlier given him of Defender of the Faith), he named himself the head of the church in England and granted himself a divorce.

35. Marriage II A New World Henry married Anne. Anne gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth I.

36. The Church of England So... forget about Anne what about this new Church? An Act was written which proclaimed the King had total authority in England. The king was head of the church in England and the Pope could not pass judgments or excommunications that were valid in England. They passed “An Act of Submission of the Clergy” which forced all church leaders to swear allegiance to the King over the Pope. The King took over the Monasteries and Cathedrals. Crown revenues doubled for a few years. The breach between the king and the Pope forced believers to choose their allegiance - the most famous being Sir Thomas More, who was executed for treason in 1535. They passed an “Act of Succession” which gave Anne’s Protestant children the right to inherit the throne over Catherine’s.

37. The end of Queen Anne Out with the old - in with the new... King Henry and Anne had been together seven years- four as sweethearts, three as spouses. And the romance... at least for the King.... was beginning to die. The King's fancy for one of Anne’s ladies-in-waiting, Jane Seymour, began to grow. Anne's enemies at court began to plot against her. They persuaded the King to sign a document calling for an investigation of Anne, that would possibly result in charges of treason. On May 2, Queen Anne was arrested at Greenwich and was informed of the charges against her: adultery, incest and plotting to murder the King (witchcraft). She was imprisoned in the Tower of London.

38. Queen Jane Blink and you will miss her Within two days of Anne’s death, Henry married Jane Seymore. In October, a prince was born. Jane died from complications during the birth

39. The heirs are in place But just for the fun of it.... Lets finish the story of Henry’s wives. Anne of Cleves Married1540 Jan. -July Divorced Why: Too ugly She outlived them all. The arranged marriage led to Cromwell’s end Kathryn Howard Married:1540 - 1542 Executed Why: Adultery-Really! She was Anne’s cousin, and 20 years younger than the King. Katherine Parr Married: 1543 - 1547 Widowed She outlived Henry. Raised Elizabeth I

40. List 5-10 key individuals/ events/ ideas Summarize the English Reformation in 35-50 words. Summary English Reformation

41. The Heirs of King Henry VIII Mary (Daughter of Catherine) Edward (Son of Jane) Elizabeth (Daughter of Anne) Mary (Catholic) Edward (Protestant) Elizabeth (Protestant) Each of Henry VIII children eventually came to the throne. Each brought Religious changes to England. None had any heirs (children)

42. The English Come to America Comes to America America was born during a period of great revolutionary change in England. These changes drastically altered the social, religious and political perspective of the new American people. …and why the Reformation changed America…. Plymouth,Pilgrims: 1620 King Charles Jamestown: 1607 King James Roanoke: 1584 Queen Elizabeth I St. Augustine: 1564 Founded by the French in 1564, Taken over by the Spanish in 1565

43. Read pages 115-118 1. Complete the Main Idea summary on pg 118. 2. Complete the readings and textbook questions on page 116 3. Complete the mapping activity on page 115 4. Skip the film clip on the bottom of page 117 *These are exit cards and must be completed prior to leaving class. Henry’s heirs the next generation

44. Elizabeth & Roanoke Raleigh returned to England, to get supplies & colonists. While in England the Spanish Armada sailed, he was forced to stay and fight the Spaniards. On his return he found the colonists had disappeared… Sir Walter Raleigh 1585-1587