Download
1 / 16
170 likes | 220 Views
The Spread of Islam. Middle East and Europe - The Caliphate in 750 (293K) "The Caliphate in 750." From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1926. taken from http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_middle_east.html. The Prophet is dead.
E N D
Middle East and Europe - The Caliphate in 750 (293K) "The Caliphate in 750."From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1926. taken from http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_middle_east.html.
The Prophet is dead • When Muhammad dies in 632, his followers chose Abu Bakr (uh-BOO BAK uhr) as his successor.
Title of Caliph (KAY-luhf) • Abu was given this title that means “successor to the Prophet”. • During his rule, he brought Arabic tribes together and expanded Islam's influence northward.
Umar (OO-mahr) • In 634 Umar succeeded Abu Bahr as caliph. • He was a strong leader with a well-run government. • He continued to conquer neighboring territories of non-Muslims. • Within 25 years of Muhammad's death, the Muslim Empire had spread to Syria, Persia (Iraq), and North Africa
Policies of Islam • In the early years, Islam was more tolerant to other cultures, not requiring them to convert to Islam. • Muslims called Christians and Jews, “people of the book”. • Muhammad had accepted the Bible and the Torah as part of God’s teachings. • However non conversion to Islam meant you paid higher taxes.
Expansion, Expansion, Expansion! • Within 100 years of Muhammad's death, Muslims had swept into part of India, and even into islands of the Mediterranean Sea
The Islamic community divides • The split began when Umar’s successor, Uthman (ooth-MAHN) was murdered • Uthman was killed because the rebels believed he favored his own clan The Martyrdom of Uthman In 'Affan The Third Caliph’
Next in line is Ali • Ali is chosen to succeed Uthman as Caliph but Uthman’s relative Muawiyah (mooh-AH-wee-ya) protests. • War breaks out on both sides. • In 661 A.D. Ali is assassinated, and Muawiyah became caliph. Caliph Ali and His Two Sons" , 1962 , wool tapestry, 2m x 1.10m, by Zeinab Babawi (born 1941)
The Split • Most Muslims agreed to accept Muawiyah is caliph. These Muslims eventually became known as Sunni (SOOH-nee). The Kabaa in Mecca
The Empire Continues to Spread • Despite the split, the Empire continues to grow. • In711 A.D. a Berber general named Tariq crossed into Spain at The Straight of Gibraltar and conquered Spain quickly. • After crossing the Pyrenees to raid central France, they were defeated by Charles Martel of the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732 A.D. and eventually withdrew from France. • The Moors continued to rule parts of Spain for more than 700 years.
The Split • The Sunnis were followers of the Sunna, meaning “way of the Prophet” or “habitual practice”. • The Sunnis believed that agreement among the Muslim people should settle religious matters.
The Shi’ah • Ali’s followers insisted that only descendants of Muhammad should be caliph. • This group later became known as the Shiah (Shee-ah). • Less than 10% of the worlds Muslims are Shiah • The Shiah believed that Ali’s descendants called imams (i-MAHMZ), should decide religious and worldly matters.
Later that Century… • Later another group within Islam developed. • Muslim mystics known as Sufi. • They tried to live simple lives based on God. • They turned away from worldly possessions and success. Sufi holy men
The Empire changes leadership • The great era of Arab Muslim rule expansion lased until the 1100’s. • After that, the Turks became the ruling force in Islam. Engagements between the Knights and Turks outside Rhodes - Caoursin 1480
The Turks • The Turks supported Islamic Law but their growing power shifted power away from the caliph. • A Sultan ruled the Turks and claimed to serve the caliph, who still played an important symbolic role Portrait of Tipu Sultan
