The Spread of Islam

1. Agenda Section 3 – Islamic Civilization The Spread of Islam

2. astrolabe minaret al-Rāzī Ibn Sīnā al-Idrīsī The Thousand and One Nights Key Vocabulary

4. III. Islamic Civilization • Economy • Trade • Europe, Asia, Africa, India and China • Produced textiles (silk, cotton and wool) • Gold and silver • Steel swords from Damascus and Toledo • Jewelry, perfume, spices • Pottery and glassware • Leather goods • 2. Other • Cordoba and Toledo – centers of learning • Astronomy and geography • Banking and commerce

5. III. Islamic Civilization (continued) B. Government and Society • Began as provinces led by one Caliph • Disputes over leadership led to division into three caliphates ruled by caliphs in Baghdad, Cairo and Cordoba • No separation of church/state – all laws and life were based on the Qur-an • Slavery was discouraged but accepted. Slaves had to be treated humanely C. Family • Center of daily life – extended family and elderly were included. • Men – responsible for meeting needs of family. • Women – could control property – not responsible for family’s needs

6. II. Islamic Society (continued) C. Family (continued) 4. Marriages were arranged – but woman could refuse 5. Man had to give his bride a gift of property/money 6. Polygamy was common. Up to 4 wives, but all had to be treated equally. 7. In a divorce – wife kept her own money and could remarry. D. Education • Government provided schools and libraries • Family and mosque also contributed to education. • Speaking and writing were emphasized as the keys to education. • Students went to the mosque to study religion • Advanced students went to schools to study science, mathematics and law.

7. II. Islamic Society (continued) Abu al-Qasim Al-Razi Ibn Sina Al-Idrisi Al-Khwarizmi Pages – 250-252 What area of science did each work in? AND What was their major contribution(s)?

8. II. Islamic Society (continued) • E. Science • Muslims learned from conquered peoples and those with whom they traded. • Combined ideas from Greece, Rome, China and India. • Learned from and expanded ideas of Hippocrates and Galen • Use of herbs, foods and pharmaceutical drugs advanced and some techniques for preparation of drugs are still used today. • Developed surgical instruments and techniques. • Advanced disease diagnosis and hygiene • World’s first school of pharmacy and encyclopedia of drugs (preparation and effects). • Treated small pox and other diseases.

9. II. Islamic Society (continued) • f. al-Rāzī – chief physician in Baghdad (900s C.E.) – known for work on small-pox and measles. His encyclopedia was translated into Latin and used for centuries in Europe. • g. Ibn Sīnā – wrote Canon of Medicine (medical textbook) in the early 1000s C.E. – used in Europe until 1650. • F. Geography • Trading led to interest in astronomy, navigation and maps. • Improved on Greek maps to more accurately measure distance. • Al-Idrīsī – sent people to other countries and combined their drawings with existing maps to improve accuracy. • Astrolabe – instrument to chart position of the stars to find position on Earth.

10. II. Islamic Society (continued) • G. Mathematics • 800s C.E. – used base-10 number system from India, including 0 to represent an empty place. • Introduced the system to Greek mathematics – resulting in “Arabic” number system (still used today). • Used decimals from India. • Developed “al-jabr” – meaning “restoring” – today’s algebra.

11. III. Islamic Society (continued) H. Arts • Islam forbids images that show God. • Avoid showing any human or animal form. • Art focused on geometric and floral designs • Non-religious art sometimes showed people in daily life or major military battles • Architecture • Mosques and other buildings designed to show the glory of Islam. • Mosques were modeled after Muhammad’s private courtyard in Medina. • Mosques were used as both community and worship centers – including political, social and educational activities. • Minaret – tower from which a crier would call people to pray 5 times per day.

12. III. Islamic Society (continued) • I. Literature • Caliphs supported outstanding poetry and literature. • The Thousand and One Nights – story of a wife who avoided execution by telling stories to her husband each night. After a thousand and one nights, he canceled plans to execute her. From this we get “Sinbad the Sailor,” “Aladdin,” and “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves.”