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SHMD 249 7/3/2012

Body Composition. SHMD 249 7/3/2012. Statistics. Statistics. Health Risks Associated with Being Overweight. Coronary heart disease Hypertension Hypercholesterolemia Diabetes. Health Risks Associated with Being Overweight. There are also health risks associated with being too thin!

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SHMD 249 7/3/2012

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  1. BodyComposition SHMD 249 7/3/2012

  2. Statistics

  3. Statistics

  4. Health Risks Associated with Being Overweight • Coronary heart disease • Hypertension • Hypercholesterolemia • Diabetes

  5. Health Risks Associated with Being Overweight There are also health risks associated with being too thin! • The body reacts to the lack of food by becoming extremely thin • developing brittle hair and nails • dry skin • constipation, diarrhea • reduced muscle mass, loss of menstrual cycle • swelling of joints • heart problems • osteoporosis • mental health issues • death

  6. Definitions • Mass: the body’s total weight. • Body composition: The relative percentage of muscle, fat, bone, and other tissues that comprise the body. • Fat mass: is made up of fat (adipose tissue). • Percentage body fat: % of total body weight that is composed of fat. • Lean body mass: Lean body mass is the weight of a person's body minus the fat. This includes muscle, bones, organs, and other nonfat tissue.

  7. Definitions • Underfat: too little body weight comprised of fat. • Overfat: too much of the body weight comprised of fat. • Obese: extreme overfatness. • Moderately Overweight: 20% over desirable body weight. • Severely overweight: 40% over desirable body weight.

  8. Body Composition Testing BMI WHR Skinfold assessment Proper uses of results: - Serve as baseline data for repeated testing. • Provide motivation for goal setting. • Provide awareness about health risks. • Estimate athlete’s optimal body weight. • Monitor changes in body composition (Athletes, children, overweight persons)

  9. BMI Re-Cap • BMI: A measure of body composition using a height-weight formula • BMI is used to give us an idea of whether the client is obese, and the extent of their obesity • Formula: • Body mass index (BMI) = weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squares • BMI = kg h2 • BMI unit of measurement: kg/m2

  10. BMI Re-Cap • BMI does not actually measure body composition • It can be used as a quick measurement to check if an individual is overweight, but it is inaccurate • BMI does not distinguish between fat and muscle • Muscle is denser, thus heavier than fat • i.e. A person with a lot of muscle may be inaccurately described as obese

  11. Hip-To-Waist Ratio Re-Cap • Hip-to-waist ratio (HWR) is taken as an indicator of the health risks associated with obesity, and in particular the risk of coronary heart disease Regional Fat Deposition • Abdominal body fat poses greater health risks than fat stored in other areas • Males store more fat centrally and have increased health risks associated with body fatness Higher health riskLower health risk

  12. Hip-To-Waist Ratio Re-Cap • Hip-to-waist ratio = waist measurement in centimetres divided by hip measurement in centimetres • HWR = waist (cm) hip (cm)

  13. Levels of Body Fatness Men Women Essential fat 5% 10% Borderline 6-9% 11-16% Good fitness - health 10-20% 17-28% Marginal fitness 21-25% 29-35% Overfatness > 25% > 35% • Essential fat: the minimum amount of fat in the body necessary to maintain healthy living • Nonessential fat: extra fat, or fat reserves stored in the body.

  14. Body Composition Assessment TechniquesSkinfold Technique • Layers of subcutaneous fat are measured at different sites of body to estimate total body fat levels. • Advantages • Fairly accurate • Easy to perform • Inexpensive • Disadvantages • Human error

  15. Common Skinfold Sites 4 Site Triceps Biceps Subscapular Suprailiac 7 Site Chest Axilla Triceps Subscapular Abdomen Supraillium Thigh

  16. Skinfold Technique Pg 158

  17. Pg 158 Skinfold Technique • The skinfold assessment test is carried out using a skinfold caliper. • Pre-measurement Instructions: • Measurements should not be taken after training or competition, sauna, swimming or showering. • Exercise, warm water and heat can produce dehydration or increased blood flow = inaccurate results.

  18. Pg 158 Skinfold Technique • Take the measurements on the left hand side of the body. • Mark up the client accurately. • Using your forefinger and thumb, pinch the skin 1 cm on either side of the mark. • Pull the fat away from the muscle. • Place the caliper halfway between the top and bottom of the skinfold. • Allow the caliper to settle for one or two seconds. • Take the reading and wait 15 seconds before repeating for accuracy. • Add up the total of the four measurements. • Calculate body fat % using the table.

  19. Pg 159

  20. Body Fat & Sports Performance Jockey: Average weight: 50.44kg Average height: 1.57m BMI: 20.46 Sumo Wrestler: Average weight: 219kg Average height: 1.91m BMI: 60.03

  21. Body Fat & Sports Performance • Excess body fat can negatively influence many types of sport performance requiring jumping and running. • High ratios of fat free mass to fat mass are generally positively related to sport. • Athletes are leaner than sedentary individuals – regardless of gender. • Extremely low fat mass in women can result in health problems (Refer: “too thin”).

  22. Body Fat & Sports Performance Swimmer Rugby player Ballet dancer Sumo Wrestler Volleyball player Body builder

  23. Questions • Define: • Body composition. 3 • Lean body mass. 3 • What do the following abbreviations stand for: • BMI 2 • WHR 2 • What is the unit of measurement for BMI? 1 • What are the risks associated with being overweight? 4 • List 8 risks associated with being underweight. 8 • What is BMI; and what is it used for? 4 • What is the calculation used for BMI? 2 • A man weighs 76kg and is 1.71m tall. Calculate his BMI. 2 • In tabular form, write down the categories and range of BMI. 12 • What are the limitations of BMI? 3

  24. Questions • Differentiate between ‘overfat’ and ‘obese’. 2 • What is the WHR used for? 2 • Differentiate between the ‘apple’ and ‘pear’ body shape, also explain which one is of greater risk and why. 6 • Which shape is generally associated with males, and which shape is generally associated with females? 2 • What is the formula for measuring WHR? 2 • If a woman has a waist measurement of 72cm, and a hip measurement of 110cm, calculate her WHR. 2 • How would BMI differ between a race horse jockey and a sumo wrestler, and why? 6 • How does the body composition of a ballet dancer differ from that of a body builder? 4 • What are the results of body composition tests used for? 5

  25. Questions • Differentiate between ‘essential fat’ and ‘non-essential fat’. 4 • What percentage of body fat is ‘essential’ for women, and what percentage is essential for men? Why do they differ? 4 • Briefly explain how the skinfold technique is used to measure body fat. 3 • What are the advantages and disadvantages of the skinfold technique? 4 • List the skinfold sites used for the 4 site technique, also describe how you would measure at each site. 4 • List the skinfold sites used for the 7 site technique. 7 • When should skinfold measurements not be taken and why? 5 • What is the general procedure for measuring skinfolds? 9

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