Understanding Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, Leaves, and Flowers

1. PLANT ORGANS

2. Plants generally have four organs: • Roots • Stems • Leaves • Flowers

3. ROOTS • Roots hold the plant in place and they absorb water and minerals. Roots usually grow in the direction of gravity (down) which is why they are most often found underground. They have no leaves. In short, the roots are in the ground and they give the plant water to help make its food.

4. All roots have a tip. The growing tip of roots is protected by a root cap consisting of concentric layers of cells surrounding the apical meristem where new root cells are produced.

5. Root Hairs • Minerals and water molecules enter root hairs and travel through the cells of the cortex by osmosis.

6. Label the Picture: Root hairs and root cap

7. Apical meristem: the zone of dividing cells at the root apex which give rise to new cells in a growing root.

8. Elongation also occurs within the roots. What is elongation?

9. Label the picture with the following words: elongation and apical meristem.

11. STEM Stems are generally above ground, grow upward, and have leaves. Can stems be different from one another?

12. Stems of cactus: Give two more examples of stems

13. Phloem • Some plants have bark which contains phloem. • It is a tissue that conducts synthesized food (glucose) substances (e.g., from leaves) to parts where needed by transporting the food made in the leaves, down the stems and into the roots. Phloem-FLOWS down the plant!

15. Xylem • acts as a protective layer on the outside of the plant which helps prevent damage and water loss. It absorbs water and minerals through the roots and transports them up the stem and into the leaves. Xylem transports UP the plant.

18. Phloem does what?Xylem does what? • Phloem brings food down the plant. • Xylem brings water and minerals up the plant.

19. Xylem and phloem can be referred to what organ structures within the human body? Why would they call the xylem and phloem vascular tissue?

20. Phloem and Xylem inside of a stem are found inside vascular bundles. • Inside an individual root their inside an endodermis.

21. The table below will help you remember the differences between the two types of vessel: Xylem Phloem • made of dead cells living cells • cell wall thickness thick thin • cell wall material lignin cellulose • permeability of cell wall impermeable permeable • cytoplasm? none cells lined with cytoplasm strands • function transport of water and minerals transport of food • carried to ... leaves growing parts and storage organs • direction of flow upward up and down • tissue also has.. fibres companion cells

23. Vascular Cambium • one-cell-thick layer of tissue between xylem and phloem in most vascular plants (plants that contain vessels for transporting) that is responsible for secondary growth. • Produces additional vascular tissues!

24. Vascular vs. Non-Vascular Vascular: tube-like (water, food, etc.) Ex. Pine, maple, ferns, grass, ivy sunflowers Non-vascular: No tubes (osmosis, diffusion) Ex. Mosses 575 Liverworts 577

25. Cork Cambium • Located outside the phloem, produces CORK. Cork cells replace the epidermis in woody stems and roots, protecting the plant. Cork cells are DEAD CELLS that provide protection and prevent water loss.

27. How Old is that tree? • Each year a tree adds a layer of wood to its trunk and branches thus creating the annual rings we see when viewing a section. New wood grows from the cambium layer between the old wood and the bark. In the spring, when moisture is plentiful, the tree devotes its energy to producing new growth cells.

28. These first new cells are large, but as the summer progresses their size decreases until, in the fall, growth stops and cells die, with no new growth appearing until the next spring. The contrast between these smaller old cells and nextyear’s larger new cells is enough to establish a ring, thus making counting possible.

30. Wide rings of certain species of trees were produced during wet years and inversely, narrow rings during dry seasons.

31. Between you and your lab partner grab a piece of wood and determine the following pieces of data: 1. How old is your tree? 2. How many dry seasons were there? 3. How many wet seasons were there?

33. LEAFS The leaf contains veins and stomatas • Veins: carry nutrients and water through the leaf • Stomatas: are pores in the epidermis of a leaf or stem through which gases and water vapor pass. • Draw a picture of a stomata including their guard cells. Page. 639

34. Flowers • Are responsible for one important function reproduction. Flowers are the plant’s reproductive structures. Angiosperms are types of plants that bear fruits and flowers. Flowers are usually both male and female, and are brightly colored to attract insects to help them carry pollen used for sexual reproduction.

35. Not all flowers are colorful, though. These flowers usually use the wind for pollination.

36. Complete Flower • In order to be a complete flower you must have all four of the following organs: sepal, petal, stamen, and pistil. • An incomplete flower is missing one or more of the flower organs.

37. Box Elder Flower!

38. Flower Anatomy • The peduncle is the tip of the stalk where the flower begins. • The receptacle starts at the peduncle and acts as a base to which all other parts of the flower are attached. • Sepals are leaf-like protective coverings of the bud that grow typically in an outer whorl. • Petals are the inner whorl of leaves

39. Pistils are the female organs. There can be one or more. There are 3 parts of the pistil: the stigma receives the pollen and is sticky the style connects the stigma to the ovary the ovary is where seeds develop Stamen are the male organs. The number of stamen per flower varies. There are 2 parts of the stamen: the filament produces pollen the anther caps the filament

40. Decide what flowers are from the following choices: • perfect • regular • irregular • incomplete • complete

42. Investigation of the Leaf Stomata • In partners you will be investigating leaf stomata's on plants. • They are located on the tops and bottoms of leaves. • Each group will need to make an impression on both the top and bottom layers of the leaf. DO NOT TEAR THE LEAF OFF THE PLANT! Be careful!

43. Do not begin the lab until you have read through the lab completely. Then you may begin. • Make sure you obtain the proper materials and return them once you have used them.

46. Will plants have more stoma open during the day than during the night? • Make a hypothesis about the number of open stomata found in a plant kept in the dark compared to a plant in the light.

48. Label the Leaf Diagram

49. Plant Tissue Systems • There are three main types of plant tissues: • dermal • vascular • ground. • The tissues help the plant grow

50. DERMAL • The dermal system has the epidermis which is the outermost layer of the plant body. It makes the skin of the plant. Epidermal cells vary in function and structure.