Plant Cells, Tissues, and Organs

1. Plant Cells, Tissues, and Organs Section 2.1 Homework Pg. 62 #1-4

2. Chapter 2 Plants: From Cells to Systems • In this chapter you will investigate: • how plant cells specialize to form different tissues • the link between cells, tissues, organs, and systems in plants • thefunction of plant tissues and organs • how organs work together to meet the needs of a plant • diseases that threaten plant tissues and organs

3. Organization in a multi-cellular organism Hierarchical levels of organization: Most complex Least complex

4. Specialized plant cells

5. Heart muscle cell Circulatory system Heart muscle tissue Heart Zebra Maple tree Dermal tissue Leaf Epidermal cell Shoot system simplest level of organization a collection of similar cells that perform a particular function a structure composed of two or more tissues working together to perform a complex body function consists of one or more organs and other structures that work together to perform a vital body function made up of many different organ systems working together

6. Plant stem cells are called meristematic cells. • Meristematic cells have the potential to constantly divide and differentiate. • photosynthesis • gas exchange • material transport • support

7. Meristematic cells allow plants to constantly replace old organs. All growth in the plant is due to the division of meristem. • Most occurs at the terminal bud. Buds Regions containing meristematic cells

8. Apical meristems • Found in buds at tips of roots and shoots. • Responsible for increase in height. Lateral meristems • Responsible for increase in width.

9. Growth is controlled by chemicals called auxins. • Produced by actively dividing cells. • Signal neighbouring cells not to divide.

10. Plant tissue types Meristematic tissue Differentiates into... Dermal tissue covers outer surface Vascular tissue moves substances through plant Ground tissue supportive tissue

11. Every plant organ contains tissue from all three systems.

12. Dermal tissue • Plant’s outermost layer • Two types: • Epidermaltissue • thin layer of cells; covers non-woody surfaces of plant • Peridermtissue • covering that forms the woody surface on stems/large roots

13. Adaptations of dermal tissue

14. Vascular tissue • system of tubes • distributes absorbed water, minerals and nutrients

15. Xylem Dead, hollow tissue Transports water and minerals upwards from roots Phloem Living tissue Transports sugars produced by leaves, to the rest of the plant

16. Non-woody plant Vascular tissue arranged in bundles Woody plant Vascular tissue forms a ring along trunk diameter

17. Ground tissue • “Filler” tissue between dermal and vascular • Variety of functions: • photosynthesis, in the green parts of plants • storage of carbohydrates in the roots • storage and support in the stems

18. Plants have two organ systems • SHOOT SYSTEM • Stem, leaves, • flowers, fruit (if present) ROOT SYSTEM One or more separate roots

19. The Root System Functions: anchor the plant absorb water and minerals from soil store food Structure: no leaves usually grows below ground composed of dermal tissue root hairs maximize surface area

20. Spaces between cortex cells allow water to move from soil to the endodermis. Endodermis controls transport of water and minerals between cortex and xylem.

21. Types of roots: Taproots vs. Fibrous roots

22. The Shoot System Functions: • carry out photosynthesis (leaves) • structural support • transport substances throughout plant • produce flowers for sexual reproduction Structure: • usually above ground • components: • leaves • stem • flowers/fruit

23. Leaves Main site of photosynthesis: • chloroplasts contain chlorophyll; absorb sunlight’s energy • glucose is used for cellular respiration, plant growth, and energy storage CO2+ H2O + light energy ___________+ O2

24. Layers of the Leaf

25. Epidermis Transparent outer layer, made of dermal tissue. • The upper epidermis secretes waxy cuticle.

26. The lower epidermis contains stomata (holes) for exchange of gases ((H2O, O2, CO2). • opening/closing of stomata is controlled by guardcells

27. Mesophyll Middle layers, sandwiched between upper and lower epidermis • Palisadecells– Perform most of the photosynthesis in the leaf • contain many chloroplasts • tightly-packed together

28. Spongyparenchyma cells – Loosely-packed • to allow the movement of gases within the leaf

30. Vascularbundles Composed of vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) • arranged in bundles • visible on the leaf as veins

31. Chloroplasts • membrane-bound organelle • contains more membrane-bound sacs (thylakoids) • thylakoids are arranged in stacks (grana)

32. Leaves have structures that help the plant obtain and keep the reactants for photosynthesis: CO2+ H2O + light energy glucose + O2 Cuticle is transparent to let light through. Palisade cells are tightly-packed to maximize the area exposed to the Sun. Spongy parenchyma is loosely-packed to allow gases to circulate to all photosynthesizing cells. Guard cells close the stomata on hot days to prevent evaporation of water.

33. The Stem • Functions: • Supportfor shoot system • Transport of nutrients and water to leaves • Specialized stems: Food storage, protection, photosynthesis, reproduction • Uses: sugar cane, medicines, cork, wood and paper

34. Flowers • Contain reproductive structures (male/female/both)

35. Fertilization occurs by pollination, and produces seeds. • contained in the fruit • Pollination can be assisted by wind, animals, or insects.

36. Flowers: Adaptations To attract pollinators, plants will have attractive flowers or nectar.

37. Homework • Read 2.1 (up to and including pg. 59) • Pg. 62 #1-4 • Pg. 64 #5, 6, 8 • Pg. 69 #1, 3, 5-7