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Battery research

Battery research. Issues around battery disposal & recycling .

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Battery research

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  1. Battery research

  2. Issues around battery disposal & recycling  • Batteriescontainselected heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, whicharetoxic to our body. Theycausekidneydiseases and dysfunctions of varioussystems, e. g. gastrointestinal and nervoussystems. For thisreason, itisimportant to ensurethatthis waste isproperlyprotected and eliminated from the environment. 

  3. Methods of battery recycling • Depending on the type of waste (cells of one typeormixture of cells), threebasictypes of battery recycling processesareused in the battery recycling process: mechanical, hydrometallurgical and thermal. 

  4. Mechanicalprocesses:         the batteriesareshredded and separatedintodifferentfractions:  • Ferromagnetics - steel and othermetals,  • Diamagnetics - paper and plastics,  • paramagnetics - otherimpurities. • Hydrometallurgical method:         involves the recovery of materials by dissolving waste in acids or bases.

  5. C.Thermal method:involves the recovery of materials by melting metal in furnaces at a temperature of approx. 1400°C. Due to the possibility of toxic substances being released from the waste, the process is carried out in such a way as to exclude direct contact with the skin, respiratory tract and mucous membranes.

  6. Wearecurrently usingelectrodes:  • Lead-acid battery (Planty battery)- the electrode (-) is made of lead (with additives) and the electrode (+) is made of lead oxide (IV)- such batteries are widely used in cars; • Lithium-ion battery (Li-ion)-oneoftheelectrodesismade ofporouscarbonandtheotherofmetaloxides; • Lithium-polymer battery (Li-Po) - a variant of Li-ion batteries in which a liquid electrolyte is replaced by a solid polymer electrolyte; • Nickel-cadmium battery (Ni-Cd), also called secondary alkaline battery - the electrodes are made of nickel hydroxide and cadmium hydroxide;

  7. How different material changes under charging and discharging conditions • Lead-acid battery: • Thechargingprocessis basedonconnectingthe batterytotheappropriateterminalsofaDCsourceandtakesabout10 hours;  • Thestateofcompletedischargeofthe batteryconsists inthecompleteconversionof bothelectrodesintosolidlead sulphateandisreversible. However, aftersometimeleadsulphate becomescrystalline, causingadecreasein batterycapacity. Inthiscase, the batterycannotberecharged; • Lithium-ion battery: • Batteriesmustbechargedin 2 phases:  • direct current charging at the value appropriate for the cell until the cell reaches 4.20 volts;  • DC charging at 4.20 V until the current drops to 50 mA;

  8. 3.  Lithium-polymer battery:  • a) These cells are not even resistant to small overloads and are easy to damage, which is why the electronic systems controlling the charging process are very complex.  • ~ These batteries with a capacity of up to 5000 mAh are used in mobile devices: mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic cigarettes and others. • 4.  Nickel-cadmium battery: • a)  These batteries are characterized by quite high current efficiency. They should be discharged and charged in full cycles. The battery should be charged immediately, not leaving it for longer in the discharged state. This battery can withstand about 1000 charging and discharging cycles.  • ~ Charging such cells is not easy, because during charging the voltage on the cell practically does not increase.

  9. Whysegregate batteries?  The answer to this question is trivially simple … One watch battery can contaminateupto 50,000 litresofwaterandonefinger batterypermanentlycontaminatesacubicmetreofearth.          So ... Non-recycled batteries are deadly!

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