Chapter 8 Opposition to Slavery 1800-1833

1. Chapter 8 Opposition to Slavery 1800-1833

2. I. A Country in Turmoil • Late 1820s was a time of great change • Transportation and market revolution • Industrialization and immigration • Banking and money influence public policy • Fears • People felt threatened • Paranoia

3. Political Paranoia • Corrupt bargain • Democratic party • Protected workers and farmers from the “money power” • States’ rights • Protected slavery from national government interference • Supported expanding slavery into new regions

4. Political Paranoia (cont.) • Democratic party • Traditional view of women’s role in society • Subservient • Advocated white supremacy • African Americans designed by God to be slaves • “Slave power”

5. Political Paranoia (cont.) • Whigs • Opposed Jackson and the Democrats • Anti-Masonic party • Believed Freemasons wanted to destroy government • Supported active, nationalist government • Greater emphasis on morality and Protestantism • Reformers • Opposed territorial expansion • Attracted opponents to slavery

6. The Second Great Awakening • Government and heaven becoming democratic • Take control in religion away from established clergy • People have a role in their own salvation • Influenced black churches that emerged in 1800s-1810s • Charles G. Finney • Perfectionism • Reform movements

7. The Benevolent Empire • Practical Christianity • Reform: public education, temperance, prison reform, mentally and physically handicapped • Antislavery societies

8. Abolitionism Begins in America • Pre-revolutionary • Southern slaves sought to free themselves • Received help from free blacks and a few whites • Did not seek to destroy slave labor system

9. Abolitionism Begins in America (cont.) • Post-revolutionary • Black and white abolitionists from the North • Quakers • Organized first antislavery society, 1775 • Society for the Promotion of the Abolition of Slavery, 1784 • Attracted non-Quakers • Gradual emancipation • Not equal rights • Little emphasis on southern slavery • Emotionalism and Action • Second Great Awakening and Benevolent Empire

10. From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey • Gabriel’s Conspiracy, 1800 • Haitian refugees • Revolutionary rhetoric • Revolutionary spirit • Insurrectionary network lived on

11. From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey (cont.) • Gabriel’s Conspiracy, 1800 • Consequences • Chesapeake antislavery societies declined • Ended hope to abolish slavery in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina • Fears of race war • Rebellions • Not caused by slavery • Black people were suited and content • Free black people • Free black people were dangerous and criminal • Economic threat to white people

12. From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey (cont.) • Denmark Vesey, 1822 • Familiar with revolutionary rhetoric • Haitian revolts • French Revolution • Missouri Crisis • Antislavery speeches

13. From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey (cont.) • Denmark Vesey: Consequences • Charleston • Destroyed AME church • Improved slave patrols • Outlawed slave assemblages • Banned teaching slaves to read • Black seaman jailed until ships ready to leave port • Increasingly suspicious of • Free African-Americans • White Yankee visitors

14. III. The American Colonization Society • ACS, 1816 • Proposed gradual emancipation • With compensation • Sending ex-slaves and freed people to Liberia • Support of southern slaveholders • Northern supporters preferred giving a choice

15. Black Nationalism • White prejudice denied blacks full citizenship • Liberia • Haiti • Prince Hall • Paul Cuffe • Henry Highland Garnet • Alexander Crummel

16. Opposition to Colonization • Americans not Africans • Preferred to improve conditions in America • Worried that “voluntary” colonization would be forced • Most southern states required the expulsion of slaves individually freed by masters • Efforts to expel all free black people or return them to slavery • Arkansas, 1858 • ACS considered a proslavery scheme to force free black people to choose between reenslavement or banishment.

17. IV. Black Women Abolitionists • 19th century rigid gender hierarchy • Denied women access to law, politics, business, • Most black women poor, lacked education • Slave and free risked all harboring fugitive slaves • Used meager savings to purchase freedom • Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, 1833 • Maria Stewart (See PROFILE) • First women to address male audiences in public

18. V. The Baltimore Alliance • Benjamin Lundy • Quaker • Genius of Universal Emancipation • William Watkins (See VOICES) • Freedom’s Journal • William Lloyd Garrison • The Liberator • Immediate emancipation without compensation or expatriation • Equal rights • Altered abolition in America

19. VI. David Walker’s Appeal • David Walker • Appeal . . . to the Colored Citizens of the World, 1829 • Aggressively attacked slavery and white racism • Advocated violence • Frightened white southerners • Pamphlet was regarded as dangerous in the Old South • Found among slaves in southern parts • See PROFILE

20. VII. Nat Turner • Nat Turner • Learned to read as a child • Studied the Bible • Saw visions • Believed God intended him to lead people to freedom • Revolt, August 1831 • Virginia state constitutional convention, 1829 • Class tensions • Emancipation

21. Nat Turner (cont.) • Turner’s Revolt • Shaped a new era in American abolition • Whites everywhere blamed abolitionists • Northern abolitionists asserted hope for peaceful struggle • Accorded heroic stature by northern abolitionists

22. VIII. Conclusion • The Second Great Awakening and Reform Movement • Shaped slavery • Gabriel, Vesey, and Turner • Employed violence • Northern abolitionists • Employed newspapers, books, petitions, and speeches • Slaves’ resistance • Influenced northern abolitionists