Chapter 8 Opposition to Slavery 1800-1833

1. Chapter 8 Opposition to Slavery 1800-1833

2. I. A Country in Turmoil • Late 1820s was a time of great change • Transportation and market revolution • Industrialization and immigration • Banking and money influence public policy • Fears - People felt threatened • Paranoia

3. Political Paranoia • Democratic party • Protected workers and farmers from the “money power” – Bankers and business men seeking to control the nation • Championed States’ Rights • Protected slavery from national government interference • Supported expanding slavery into new regions

4. Political Paranoia (cont.) • Democratic party • Traditional view of women’s role in society • Subservient • Advocated white supremacy • African Americans designed by God to be slaves • “Slave power” – control economy and politics through slave system

5. Political Paranoia (cont.) • Whigs • Opposed Jackson and the Democrats • Anti-Masonic party • Believed Freemasons wanted to destroy government • Supported active, nationalist government • Greater emphasis on morality and Protestantism • Reformers • Opposed territorial expansion • Attracted opponents to slavery

6. Check Point • What role does religion play in shaping people beliefs today?

7. The Second Great Awakening • Revivalism – Christian morals integrating with politics • Government and heaven becoming democratic • Use religion to save the nation from immorality • Take control in religion away from established clergy • People have a role in their own salvation • Influenced black churches that emerged in 1800s-1810s

8. The Benevolent Empire • A network of church related organizations designed to fight sin and save souls • Black and White Evangelicals emphasized Practical Christianity • Saved people need to save others • Reform: public education, temperance, prison reform, mentally and physically handicapped • Antislavery societies – creation of abolitionist movement

9. Abolitionism Begins in America • Pre-revolutionary • Southern slaves sought to free themselves • Received help from free blacks and a few whites • Did not seek to destroy slave labor system

10. Abolitionism Begins in America (cont.) • Post-revolutionary • Black and white abolitionists from the North • Quakers • Organized first antislavery society, 1775 • Society for the Promotion of the Abolition of Slavery, 1784 • Attracted non-Quakers • Gradual emancipation • Not equal rights • Little emphasis on southern slavery • Emotionalism and Action - Second Great Awakening and Benevolent Empire

11. Check Point • Think of any time that religious belief has lead to violence? Was that violence justified?

12. Slave Conspiracies and Uprisings, 1800–1831 Major slave conspiracies and revolts were rare between 1800 and 1860. This was in part because those that took place frightened masters and led them to adopt policies aimed at preventing recurrences.

13. From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey • Gabriel’s Conspiracy, 1800 • Haitian refugees in Va. Led to slave unrest • Revolutionary rhetoric • Revolutionary spirit • Gabriel and 26 followers were betrayed and executed • Insurrectionary network lived on

14. From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey (cont.) • Gabriel’s Conspiracy: Consequences • Chesapeake antislavery societies declined • Ended hope to abolish slavery in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina • Fears of race war – like the on in Haiti • Believed that: • Rebellions were not caused by slavery • Black people were suited and content • Free black people were dangerous and criminal • Economic threat to white people

15. From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey (cont.) • Denmark Vesey, 1822 • Familiar with revolutionary rhetoric • Inspired Haitian revolts • Hoped to copy the French Revolution • Religious based antislavery speeches • Planned to capture arms and ammunition and seize control of Charleston • House slave revealed the plan to master • Authorities rounded up 131 suspects • 71 convicted • 35, including Vesey, were hanged

16. From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey (cont.) • Denmark Vesey: Consequences • Charleston • Destroyed AME church • Improved slave patrols • Outlawed slave assemblages • Banned teaching slaves to read • Black seaman jailed until ships ready to leave port • Increasingly suspicious of • Free African-Americans • White Yankee visitors

17. Cool Down • Explain how political parties became associated with the slavery debate. • Do you believe that attempted revolts helped or hurt the abolitionist cause? Explain.

19. III. The American Colonization Society • ACS, 1816 • Proposed gradual emancipation • With compensation • Sending ex-slaves and freed people to Liberia Support of southern slaveholders • Northern supporters preferred giving a choice

20. The Founding of Liberia • This map shows the location of Sierra Leone and Liberia in West Africa. British abolitionists established Sierra Leone as a colony for former slaves in 1800. The American Colonization Society established Liberia for the same purpose in 1821.

21. Black Nationalism • Believed white prejudice denied blacks full citizenship • Blacks could only enjoy equal rights on the land of their ancestors • Supported Liberia • Inspired by Haiti • Prince Hall • Paul Cuffe • In 1847 Liberia became an independent republic • Only about 10,000 black immigrants had gone by 1860

22. Opposition to Colonization • Americans not Africans • Preferred to improve conditions in America • Worried that voluntary colonization would be forced • Most southern states required the expulsion of slaves individually freed by masters • Efforts to expel all free black people or return them to slavery • Arkansas 1858 • ACS considered a proslavery scheme to force free black people to choose between reenslavement or banishment.

23. IV. Black Women Abolitionists • 19th century rigid gender hierarchy • Denied women access to law, politics, business, • Most black women poor, lacked education • Slave and free risked all harboring fugitive slaves • Used meager savings to purchase freedom • Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, 1833 • Maria Stewart (See PROFILE) • First women to address male audiences in public

24. V. The Baltimore Alliance • Benjamin Lundy • Quaker • Genius of Universal Emancipation • William Watkins (See VOICES) • Freedom’s Journal • William Lloyd Garrison • The Liberator • Immediate emancipation without compensation or expatriation • Equal rights • Altered abolition in America

25. VI. David Walker’s Appeal • David Walker • Appeal . . . to the Colored Citizens of the World, 1829 • Aggressively attacked slavery and white racism • Advocated violence • Frightened white southerners • Pamphlet was regarded as dangerous in the Old South • Found among slaves in southern parts • See PROFILE

26. VII. Nat Turner • Nat Turner • Learned to read as a child • Studied the Bible • Saw visions • Believed God intended him to lead people to freedom • Revolt, August 1831 • Virginia state constitutional convention, 1829 • Class tensions • Emancipation

27. Nat Turner (cont.) • Turner’s Revolt • Shaped a new era in American abolition • Whites everywhere blamed abolitionists • Northern abolitionists asserted hope for peaceful struggle • Accorded heroic stature by northern abolitionists

28. Cool Down • If you were a free African-American during the 1840s, would you have supported or objected colonization? Explain