Patrycja Żegleń , PhD University of Rzeszów, Poland

1. „Tourism as a factor of regionaleconomy development in Wysowa Zdrój and its influence on social and natural environment” Patrycja Żegleń, PhD University of Rzeszów, Poland

2. Travelisfatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness, and many of ourpeopleneeditsorely on theseaccounts. Broad, wholesomecharitableviews of men and thingscannot be acquired by vegetatingin one littlecorner of theearthallone’slifetime. - Mark Twain, TheInnocentsAbroad, 1869

3. Tourismintensification – variousthreats • Balancedisruptioninecosystems • Sustainabletourism was introducedduring I ConferenceinStockholm „Man and environment” in 1972

4. Agenda 21 for Travelling and TourismEconomy (Europe Council1997) • Tourismshouldpromotehealthy and productive life style inharmonywithnature; • Itshouldpromote/createtolerance and understanding; • Protection of national culture and natural environment • Activeparticipation of localpeopleintourism industry • New source of earningmoney for localeople;

5. Eco-development • It was precisedin 1975 • Correct proportionsbetweenthreecapitals: economic, human and natural

6. Sustainable Development First definitionin 1987 in „OurCommonFuture” Report

7. 1992 – rules of sustainabletourism development weredescribed by TourismConcernand WorldWide Fund for Natureindocumenttitled: „Beyond the Green Horizon: Principles for SustainableTourism”.

8. Barbaric model of tourism • Touristinfrastructurewithoutanyplansconcerning natural environment • John Paul II underlinedthe problem in 2002

9. Ecotourism • Touristmovement, whichaimis to jointourists’ needswithsustainabledevelopemnt • Integration of localpeople • New attitudestowardstourism and itsorganizers

10. World Travel and Tourism Council warnings: • Global warming • Ozonedepletion • Acidrain • Depletion and pollution of water resources • Depletion and pollution of land resources Fortunatelytourism industry hasbegunusing modern technology inthefields of computer science, communications and building of transportation to preservethe environment.

11. Sustainable development - Discussion • On whatrulessustainable development policyshould be based? • Howresponsibility for sustainabletourism development intourismshould be allocated?

12. SustainableTourism Development • Tourism which is in a form which can maintain its viability in an area for an indefinite period of time. (R. Butler) • Quality of life should be improvedthanks to tourism [Guide for LocalPlanners, WTO, Madrid 1993].

13. SustainableTourism(D. Pearce, 1988): Sustainabilityis „makingthingslast”, whetheritis an economy, en ecosystem, or a culture.

14. Some premises of Sustainable Develoment in Tourism • The premise of interdependency • The premise of multidisciplinarity • The premise of previous experience • The premise that nature is better • The premise of politics and power

15. SustainableTourism • Itis a culturalconstruct, or a set of ideas, inspired by theconcept of environmentalor„green” tourismfrombookssuch as NatureTourism(Whelan, 1991) and Ecotourism: ThePotentials and Pitfalls(Boo, 1990). • Sustainabletourismhasmultiplegoals, namely to create and maintainsuccessful industries includingtourism, and to conserveappropriatelevels of the natural and cultural environment, withdueregardfro time and place

16. Activities promoting increase of tourists’ ecological awareness • Program Give Back GatewaysProgrammeinitiated by Ritz-Carlton hotel chain, • Itamkesitpossiblethatguestsallovertheworldcanwork for localsocieties; for instance: inCancun (Mexico) touristscan help withprotectionprogramme for turtles; • theycantake a part incleaningSonnenhof – centre for seriouslyillchildrenin Berlin • can help withancientbuildingsrenovationinWuzhen (China)

17. Ecotourism/definitions • „Responsibletravel to natural areasthatconservesthe environment and improvesthewellbeing of localpeople” • Ecotourismisenvironmentallyfriendlytravelthatemphasizesseeing and saving natural habitat and archeologicaltreasures. • As a form of travel, ecotourismtakes great care of understanding of environment’sculture and natural history, fosterstheecosystem’sintegrity, and produceseconomicopportunities and conservationgains.

18. Benefits and Importance of Ecotourism • Providesjobs and income for localpeople • Makespossiblefunds for purchasing and improvingprotectedor natural areas to attractmoreecotouristsinthefuture • Providesenvironmentaleducation for visitors • Encouragesheritage and environmentalpreservation and enhancement (thecreation of neworenlarged national and state parks, forestspreserves, biospherereserves, recreationareas, beaches, marine and underwatertrails and otherattractions).

19. Examples of ecotourism • Third Worldcountries host many ecotourists. In Brazil, naturetravelhasbecomethecountry’slargestnewsource of revenue. • In south-centralAfrica, Rwanda’secotourismisthe third largestsource of foreign exchangeearnings. • In CostaRica, 60% of visitorsareinterestedinseeingthe national park system, whichcomprises 11% of thecountry’s land area. Ifbiological and privatereservesareadded, theprotectedareastotal 23% of thenation.

20. Principles of Ecotourism • Minimizeimpact of tourism • Buildenvironmental and culturalawareness and respect • Providepositiveexperiences for bothvisitors and hosts • Providedirect financial benefits for conservation • Provide financial benefits and empowerment for localpeople • Raisesensitivity to host countries’ political, environmental, and socialclimate, • Support international humanrights and labouragreements.

21. Ecotourismputsemphasis on: • touristactivities development aimedat a closecontactwithnature • directrelationships: tourists-localpeople • takingintoaccounttouristcapacity

22. Hard & Soft TourismConcept • Soft Tourism • HardTourism

23. Does the world’s largest industry have the world’s largest impact on the environment? How do youthink? - discussion

24. Nature 2000 Area • new form of natural protection, thatsupplementsprevious system of protectedareas and buildings • endangeredspeciesorveryrarespecies of plants and animals (biodiversity)

25. Beskid Niski - characteristics • richinmineralwaters (Krynica Zdrój, Wysowa Zdrój) – health resorts • attractive region for hiking, bicycletourism and wintersports – 12 skilifts (e.g. in Gorlice) • camping sites and agrotourismfarms/fields • remains of Łemkowie – indigenousinhabitants of the region (autochthons) • cemeteriesfromWorld War I • orthodox and Uniatchurches(in Bartne, Gładyszów) • touriststrails/paths (didacticor natural paths) • ostry Wierch (at 938 m abovesealevel) • Huculhorsesstud(in Gładyszów) • thebiggest health resort in Poland (Krynica Górska)

26. Wysowa Zdrój attractions - Pump Room- Aquapark and swimmingpoolsinsparesorts: (in Biawena and Glinik)- Horseridingcentres: "Jaśmin„and"Osława"- rope park (in Zacisze)- skilift"Ramis"- touristtrails- sport field „Orlik”, inwinter- icerink- tenniscourt

27. Natural environment in Wysowa Zdrój • Peripherallocation of the region • Mountainareas • Distancefrom industries • Lack of air/waterpollution • Wastesin Ropa River • Car fumes • Clean underground waters • First class of waters’ cleanness (hardpermeablesoil) • Meadows -14%,m forests – 62%, grazinglands – 8%, orchards – 0,01%, wastelands – 10%, arablelands – 7%. • High level of naturalness and lowlevel of human’stransformations

28. Mainattractions • „Zdrojowy Park” as themainaim of walks; • „ Łopaciński Valley” • „WysotaHills” • „Jawor Hill” withOrthodoxchurch on the top • Well-developedhorseridingtourism • Activerelax – tennis, skiing, swimming etc.

29. Existingforms of natural protectioninthe region: • • Magurski National Park• Yewtreesin Nowa Wieś – naturereserve• Igiełki – naturereserve• Kornuty - naturereserve• Modrzyna - naturereserve• Jasiołka’ ravine - naturereserve• Millennium Reserve on Cergowa Mountain - naturereserve• Wadernik - naturereserve• Jasiołkasources - naturereserve• Stone over Jaśliska - naturereserve• Jaśliski Landscape Park• South and Małopolska Region Area of ProtectedLandscape• Beskid Niski Area of ProtectedLandscape

30. Threats: • Clearing theforests; • Huntingtrips; • Poaching; • Air pollution; • Dieying out of treestands

31. Tourism: BlessingorBlight? (G. Young) • Ambivalentcharacter of tourism • Negativeeffects of intensivetoursim development • WTO CongressinManilla (1980) – thesis: „tourismbringsmorecoststnahbenefits” (youtube „Tourismat an angle” and „The Negative Effects of Mass Tourism”)

32. The most frequentnegativeeffects of tourism: • Peoplethinkonlyaboutmoney(all aboutmoney) (79%) • Lack of a sense of togetherness (53%) • Too many foreigners (46%) • Adversechange of destination (45%) • Familyis not a unity anymore (44%) • Thelandscapeismarred (43%) • Onlyminoritybenefitsfromtourism (26%).

33. Additionally… • Touriststread od plants and soil; • They influence flora (preciousspeciesbecomeextinct) • wastes; • Increasedtouristmovementintheseason; • noise; • Firerisk; • Touristinfrastructureisbuilt

34. Activities of localauthoritiesshould: (E. Dziedzic) • make itpossiblethattourismisintegratedwithsocail and economic life of localsocieties; • Provideattractivetouristproduct to achievethe first goal

35. TouristCodes of Ethics • UNWTO Global Code of Ethics (introducedin 1999 inSantiage de Chile) • Isitreallyneeded/helpful? - discussion

36. HARD&SOFT TOURISM CONCEPT(J. Krippendorf)

37. Tourismhas many names (J. Jafari) • Goa Island (1987) – tourism as the most important industry on theisland; • Rules and normswere limited/reducedin order to attractinvestors and tourists

38. Touristinvestmentscause: • Landscapetransformation (destruction), • lossesin natural environment, • Decreas of arable (cultivated) lands, • Limited access to sea for localpeople, • Problemswithwater (waterusage), etc.

39. „The Great Escape” (Ph. English) • Problematics of tourist development from „Well-developed North” countries to „PoorSouth” countries • Escapefrompoverty

40. Tourismbalance(J.Jafari)

41. Social and economical merits (1) • An inflow of foreign currency • Production of tourist products/souvenirs • Diversity of economicactivity • Investments • Using an existinginfrastructure • Building and improving a newtouristinfrastructure • Using a touristinfrastructure by localsociety • Themultipliereffect • Improving a level of societysupply • New jobopportunities for youngpeople, unskilledpeople and othersinfarmingvillages

42. Social and economical merits (2) • Financial support for culture, buildings, museums, and all heritage in the village • Education improving • Overcoming the barriers, for example: language, social, class divisions, religious and races. • Civilizations’mixing and learning them • Appreciateown and foreign social and cultural values • International peace and understanding

43. Social and economical faults (1) • inflation • Outflow of foreign currency • the seasonal character of prices/employment and unemployment • Economical/ trade fluctuations • unstable development • Destroying local resources (by tourists and farmers) • A local tourist infrastructure is not used by local people because of lack of money and lack of accessibility (tourist ghetto)

44. Social and economical faults (2) • the industrial and tourist buildings marred the landscape • Destroying a landscape because of low absorption level of environment • A big ecological capacity because of tourist activity • Commercialization of culture, habits, customs and traditions in the destination in order to tourists’ tastes and wants • The loss of identity • Conflicts, xenophobia, prostitution, crimes, lack of understanding and an activity for a show

45. Smallscale development strategy (A. Mathison, G. Wall) • Strategy of limited development • Reducement of externalinfluences • Biggerautonomy of localauthorities, whoshouldcreatedirections and pace of its development

46. Tourism as a New Form of ColonialismorPassport to the Development? - discussion

47. Bibliography: • Alejziak W., Turystyka w obliczu wyzwań XXI wieku. Albis, Kraków 2000. • Gospodarka turystyczna w regionie. Wybrane zagadnienia jej funkcjonowania. Red. A. Rapacz, Jaremen Press, Jelenia Góra 2007. • Hosts and GuestsRevisited: TourismIssues of the 21st Century. Co-edited by: V. L. Smith and M. Brent, California State University 2001. • Turystyka na obszarach przyrodniczo cennych. Red. M. Jalinik, Białystok 2010. • Turystyka w badaniach naukowych. Prace przyrodnicze i humanistyczne. Red. J. Krupa, J. Biliński, Wyższa Informatyki i Zarządzania, Rzeszów 2006. • Zrównoważony rozwój turystyki. Red. S. Wodejko, Szkoła Główna handlowa, Warszawa 2008.

48. Thankyou for yourattention