Scientific Method

1. Scientific Method

2. Develop a question or problem that can be solved through experimentation. • Problem /Question Steps of the Scientific Method

3. Stating the Problem: Example What invisible trail does a rattlesnake follow in tracking down its bitten prey?

4. Are all questions good scientific questions? Hint: What do you remember the health department investigative team activity? * Ex: personal opinion, values, or judgments.

5. 1. Do flying saucers really exist? • 2. Which planet is the most interesting one to study? • 3. Which pill design – tablet, caplet, or capsule will dissolve faster? • How much your pet “loves” you • If you went “back” in time what would happen with a different decision • If students behavior is related to getting an A in the class then behaving nice will result in more As. You be the Judge: Is this a good testable question

6. . • Hypothesis Predict a possible testable answer to the problem or question. • Your hypothesis is NOT a fact • Worded as an If. . . Then statement Example: If soil temperatures rise, then plant growth will increase.

7. Hypothesis Example If a snake wounds its victim, then the snake follows the smell of its own venom to locate the animal

8. 1. What type of pizza is preferred by fourth graders? 2. How does the amount of daylight affect how many eggs laid by a chicken? 3. How does room temperature affect student performance? 4. How will batting practice affect a players batting average? Creating a Hypothesis from testable questions Monty Python- witch scene hypothesis

9. Chocolate may cause pimples. • Salt in soil may affect plant growth. • Plant growth may be affected by the color of light. • Bacterial growth may be affected by temperature. • Ultraviolet light may cause skin cancer. Hypothesis: HW

10. . • Background ResearchHyothesis • Experiment Develop and follow a procedure. (list of each step)

11. Experiment: Example • Drag a dead mouse that has been struck and poisoned by a rattlesnake along a curved path on the bottom of an empty cage • Place the snake in the cage • The snake follows the exact trail that has been laid out • Drag an unbitten dead mouse along the path • The snake seems disinterested

12. . • Background ResearchHyothesis • Experiment • Collect and Analyze Data/Graph • Conclusion • Include tables, graphs, and photographs • statement based on the results of the experiment. • Include a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis and recommend possible improvements to the procedure.

13. Conclusion: Example • The scent of venom was the only factor that could cause a rattlesnake to follow its bitten victim.

14. . • Background Research • Hyothesis • Experiment • Collect and Analyze • Communicate the Results Mr. Lee- Scientific Method Song

15. Setting Up a Good Experiment: Parts that are necessary.

16. Observation: Quantitative Qualitative Observation: Quantitative # Qualitative • Measurements: (numbers) Scales, Rulers, Balances • Qualities: (characteristics) smell, look, hear, touch, taste Y Qualitative looks

18. What is kept the same in an experiment • Way to remember: how does the school try to control you? (how you dress to make you look the same). . . • Example: No hats in classes Control Parameter

19. Shaq wanted to find out how basketball filled with different substances would help his free-throw. He uses the same ball, same pressure, and same spot where he threw the ball. He changes what is in the ball helium, nitrogen, and oxygen. Shaq wanted to find out how basketball filled with different substances would help his free-throw. He uses the same ball, same pressure, and same spot where he threw the ball. He changes what is in the ball helium, nitrogen, and oxygen. What is the control parameter?

20. Samantha wanted to find out how elevation affects car speed. She use the same car, ramp, release point for each of the trials. She only changed the elevation of the ramp. Samantha wanted to find out how elevation affects car speed. She use the same car, ramp, release point for each of the trials.She only changed the elevation of the ramp. What is the control parameter?

22. One thing you are changing in an experiment (different) • Also called manipulated variable • Goes on x-axis for graphs Independent Variable

23. Shaq wanted to find out how basketball filled with different substances would help his free-throw. He uses the same ball, same pressure, and same spot where he threw the ball. He changes what is in the ball helium, nitrogen, and oxygen. Shaq wanted to find out how basketball filled with different substances would help his free-throw. He uses the same ball, same pressure, and same spot where he threw the ball. He changes what is in the ball helium, nitrogen, and oxygen. What is the independent variable?

24. Samantha wanted to find out how elevation affects car speed. She use the same car, ramp, release point for each of the trials. She only changed the elevation of the ramp. Samantha wanted to find out how elevation affects car speed. She use the same car, ramp, release point for each of the trials. She only changed the elevation of the ramp. What is the independent variable?

25. Why do you think it is important to have ONE independent variable?

26. observed or measured. (It is the result of changing the independent variable.) • Also called Responding Variable • Goes on y-axis for graphs Dependent Variable

27. Shaq wanted to find out how basketball filled with different substances would help his free-throw. He uses the same ball, same pressure, and same spot where he threw the ball. He changes what is in the ball helium, nitrogen, and oxygen. Shaq wanted to find out how basketball filled with different substances would help his free-throw. He uses the same ball, same pressure, and same spot where he threw the ball. He changes what is in the ball helium, nitrogen, and oxygen. What is the dependent variable?

28. Samantha wanted to find out how elevation affects car speed. She use the same car, ramp, release point for each of the trials. She only changed the elevation of the ramp. Samantha wanted to find out how elevation affects car speed. She use the same car, ramp, release point for each of the trials. She only changed the elevation of the ramp. What is the independent variable?

29. For the Rainbow lab what is the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable for that lab?

30. Identify control parameters, independent variable and dependent variable

31. John watches his grandmother bake bread. He ask his grandmother what makes the bread rise. She explains that yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar. John wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size of the bread loaf? John adds the same amount of flour, salt, milk, and cooks it in the same oven. He performs the experiment. After talking with his teacher and conducting further research, he comes up with a hypothesis. “If more sugar is added, then the bread will rise higher.” John watches his grandmother bake bread. He ask his grandmother what makes the bread rise. She explains that yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar. John wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size of the bread loaf? John adds the same amount of flour, salt, milk, and cooks it in the same oven.He performs the experiment. After talking with his teacher and conducting further research, he comes up with a hypothesis. “If more sugar is added, then the bread will rise higher.”

32. Humpty Dumpty had a problem falling off of walls. He decided to see which harness could keep him on top of the wall the longest. He used the same location, weather, and daily activity of sitting on the wall. He tried five different harnesses (save o lot, crack b no more, safety, harness of life, and scrambled eggs no more). • Humpty Dumpty had a problem falling off of walls. He decided to see which harness could keep him on top of the wall the longest. He used the same location, weather, and daily activity of sitting on the wall. He tried five different harnesses (save o lot, crack b no more, safety, harness of life, and scrambled eggs no more).

33. Mary Quite Contrary had a bomb garden. She had silver bells, cacao shells, and maids in rows. However she had major bug problems. She had bugs eating her plants! She decided to try three different bug deterrents. She tried bug b gone, buzz off, and the annotator. She tried the sprays on the same type of bugs and timed each the same way with the same timer in order to see which killed the most bugs. Mary Quite Contrary had a bomb garden. She had silver bells, cacao shells, and maids in rows. However she had major bug problems. She had bugs eating her plants! She decided to try three different bug deterrents. She tried bug b gone, buzz off, and the annotator. She tried the sprays on the same type of bugs and timed each the same way with the same timer in order to see which killed the most bugs.

34. Summarize in your own words the difference between independent and dependent variable

35. A scientist is doing an experiment to see what type of sugar makes cells grow faster. The data tables below show what is added to each test tube and the number of cells over time. Controlled Parameters: Number of cells added, Milliliters of water, and grams of sugar Variable Identification Worksheet 1:

36. A scientist is doing an experiment to see what type of sugar makes cells grow faster. The data tables below show what is added to each test tube and the number of cells over time. Independent Variable: Type of Sugar Variable Identification Worksheet 1:

37. A scientist is doing an experiment to see what type of sugar makes cells grow faster. The data tables below show what is added to each test tube and the number of cells over time. Dependent Variable: Number of Cells Variable Identification Worksheet 1:

38. 4. Two students want to see which paper airplane will travel farther. They used the same type of paper, same color, same size, and the dart design. One student put a paper clip on the nose of his airplane. The other student does not. Type of paper Color Size Dart Design Travel farther Paper clip on nose 4. Two students want to see which paper airplane will travel farther. They used the same type of paper, same color, same size, and the dart design. One student put a paper clip on the nose of his airplane. The other student does not.

39. 5. A class of students wants to figure out what makes cut roses last longer and look prettier. The students decide to use red roses with a 10 centimeter stem length from the same type of rose plant grown in the same nursery. They put the roses in the same size of vase filled with Aquafina water. To each vase they add 10 grams of a different substance: sugar, salt, caffeine, baking soda, vinegar, fertilizer, and one vase has nothing added to it. They wait to see which rose lasts longer. Stem Length Type of Rose Nursery Vase Aquafina water 10 grams Last longer Different substance 5. A class of students wants to figure out what makes cut roses last longer and look prettier. The students decide to use red roses with a 10 centimeter stem length from the same type of rose plant grown in the same nursery. They put the roses in the same size of vase filled with Aquafina water. To each vase they add 10 grams of a different substance: sugar, salt, caffeine, baking soda, vinegar, fertilizer, and one vase has nothing added to it. They wait to see which rose lasts longer.

40. 6. A group of students want to determine which laundry soap works the best. They take 6 exactly the same socks (men's Haines) and put one half cup of oil on the bottom of the sock and let it dry. They then wash each sock separately using one fourth cup of their detergent to see which got cleaner. They tested Shout, Bleach, Tide, Downey, and Gain. One sock is washed only with water and no soap. 6. A group of students want to determine which laundry soap works the best. They take 6 exactly the same socks (men's Haines) and put one half cup of oil on the bottom of the sock and let it dry. They then wash each sock separately using one fourth cup of their detergent to see which got cleaner. They tested Shout, Bleach, Tide, Downey, and Gain. One sock is washed only with water and no soap. Sock Oil amount Oil Location Socks Dried Works best (cleaner) Detergent

41. 7. A veterinarian is testing out dog food in order to determine which dog food helps dogs to lose weight the fastest while still giving enough nutrition. He takes 10 dogs of the same weight and breedand puts each of them on a diet for 6 months. Each dog is given 1/2 gallon of water each day and 6 cups of dog food of the different kinds. The dogs are kept in cages to control their amount of exercise and are walked twice daily (morning, night) for 30 minutes each time.The dogs weight is measured each night at the same time. 10 dogs of same weight and breed Diet 6 months ½ gallon water 6 cups dog food Cages (exercise) Walked 2 x a day 30 0mun Weight same time Lose weight the fastest Different kinds of dog food 7. A veterinarian is testing out dog food in order to determine which dog food helps dogs to lose weight the fastest while still giving enough nutrition. He takes 10 dogs of the same weight and breed and puts each of them on a diet for 6 months. Each dog is given 1/2 gallon of water each day and 6 cups of dog food of the different kinds. The dogs are kept in cages to control their amount of exercise and are walked twice daily (morning, night) for 30 minutes each time. The dogs weight is measured each night at the same time.

42. Variables from Hypothesis If temperature increases then leave colors will change. Independent Variable Dependent Variable *in front in if then statement and dependent is after then.

43. 1. If there is high temperature then it will cause an increase in radish germination.2. If you study with music then your test scores will increase.3. If food coloring is added to fish food then the fish will die.

44. Data that is around the same number. Example: An experiment is done and if you get the same answer over and over again the data is considered reproducible. Reproducible Data

45. Example 1: 1, 10, 1, 1.0, 1.111 Example 2: 2.0, 1.999,2.01 Example 3: 3.0, 30, 3.3, 30.0 Are the following reproducible results? What makes something reproducible?

46. Example: 1. Example 2. Averages 4.07 3.42 4.39 4.96 Averages 4.9 5.56 4.36 4.9 Does this show reproducible?

47. Does this show reproducible? Example: 3. Averages 2.00 2 2 2

48. Create a chart that shows reproducible data

49. The volume of an object is 10 mL. Several students measure its volume with a graduated cylinder. Is the data reproducible? Accurate? George Sara Shelly Kevin

50. Evaluating Experimental Design