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The overview of Networking Technology & New Generation Processors

Explore networking technology through OSI reference model, TCP/IP protocols, IPv6 features, and addressing schemes. Learn the essentials of network architecture and Ethernet.

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The overview of Networking Technology & New Generation Processors

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  1. The overview of Networking Technology & New Generation Processors Boxuan Gu Chi Chau CS-521 2-5-2004

  2. Part 1Networking Technology

  3. The lecture consists of two parts • Network Architecture • Ethernet technology

  4. Network Architecure-OSI reference model

  5. OSI • The OSI model provides a conceptual framework for communication between computers, but the model itself is not a method of communication. Actual communication is made possible by using communication protocols. • In the context of data networking, a protocol is a formal set of rules and conventions that governs how computers exchange information over a network medium. A protocol implements the functions of one or more of the OSI layers.

  6. OSI-Interaction

  7. OSI-Encapsulation

  8. TCP/IP

  9. TCP/IP-IP • The Internet Protocol (IP) is a network-layer (Layer 3) protocol that contains addressing information and some control information that enables packets to be routed. IP has two primary responsibilities: • providing connectionless • best-effort delivery of datagrams

  10. IP Packet Format

  11. IP address format

  12. IP address…

  13. TCP/IP-TCPTransmission Control Protocol • The TCP provides reliable transmission of data in an IP environment. TCP corresponds to the transport layer (Layer 4) of the OSI reference model. Among the services TCP provides are stream data transfer, reliability, efficient flow control, full-duplex operation, and multiplexing. • TCP offers reliability by providing connection-oriented, end-to-end reliable packet delivery through an internetwork.

  14. TCP/IP-UDPUser Datagram Protocol • The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless transport-layer protocol (Layer 4) that belongs to the Internet protocol family. • UDP is basically an interface between IP and upper-layer processes. UDP protocol ports distinguish multiple applications running on a single device from one another.

  15. UDP-packet header

  16. IPV6 Disadvantage of IP v4: • 32 bits address is limited • Routing is not efficient • Bad support for mobile device • Security needs grow

  17. IPv6 Packet Header Format 8bits traffic class 4bits version 20 bits flow label 16 bits payload length 8 bits next header 8 bits hop limit 128 bits source address 128 bits destination address

  18. IPV6 • Version Number: The version is a 4-bit field as in IPv4. The field contains the number 6 for IPv6, instead of the number 4 for IPv4. • Traffic Class: The Traffic Class field is an 8-bit field similar to the type of service (ToS) field in IPv4. The Traffic Class field tags the packet with a traffic class that can be used in Differentiated Services. The functionalities are the same in IPv4 and IPv6.

  19. IPv6 • Flow Label: The Flow Label field can be used to tag packets of a specific flow to differentiate the packets at the network layer. Hence, the Flow Label field enables identification of a flow and per-flow processing by the routers in the path. • Payload Length: Similar to the Total Length field in IPv4, the Payload Length field indicates the total length of the data portion of the packet.

  20. IPV6 • Next Header: Similar to the Protocol field in the IPv4 packet header, the value of the Next Header field in IPv6 determines the type of information following the basic IPv6 header. • Hop Limit: Similar to the Time to Live field in the IPv4 packet header, the value of the Hop Limit field specifies the maximum number of routers (hops) that an IPv6 packet can pass through before the packet is considered invalid.

  21. IPV6 • Source Address: The IPv6 source address field is similar to the Source Address field in the IPv4 packet header, except that the field contains a 128-bit source address for IPv6 instead of a 32-bit source address for IPv4. • Destination Address: The IPv6 destination address field is similar to the Destination Address field in the IPv4 packet header, except that the field contains a 128-bit destination address for IPv6 instead of a 32-bit destination address for IPv4.

  22. IPv6-extension header

  23. IPv6-extension header • Hop-by-Hop Options header. • Destination Options header. • Routing header. • Fragment header. • Authentication header and Encapsulating Security Payload header • Upper-Layer header.

  24. IPv6-Addressing scheme • IPv6 uses 16-bit hexadecimal number fields separated by colons (:) to represent the 128-bit addressing format making the address. • 2031:0000:130F:0000:0000:09C0:876A:130B.

  25. IPv6-Addressing scheme • IPv6 addresses consist of a prefix and a local part • (like in IPv4) • - Example: • 3FFE:400:280:0:0:0:0:1/48 • here the first 48 bits a fixed (prefix) and the other 80 • bits will be assigned in the local subnet

  26. IPv6-Addressing scheme In IPv6, there 3 types of addresses: 1. Unicast 2. Multicast 3. Anycast (new in IPv6)

  27. IPv6-Addressing scheme-unicast

  28. IPv6-Addressing scheme-Multicast

  29. IPv6-Addressing scheme-Anycast • Packets sent to an anycast address or list of addresses are delivered to the nearest interface identified by that address. Anycast is a communication between a single sender and a list of addresses,

  30. Part 2: Ethernet

  31. Ethernet

  32. EthernetMAC Data Frame Format

  33. Ethernet-10gigabit Ethernet • 10 Gigabit Ethernet is Ethernet. 10 Gigabit Ethernet uses the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet media access control (MAC) protocol, the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet frame format, and the IEEE 802.3 frame size. 10 Gigabit Ethernet is full duplex.

  34. Ethernet-10gigabit EthernetTechnology and Standard • The IEEE 802.3ae 10 Gigabit Ethernet Task Force was chartered with developing the 10 Gigabit Ethernet Standard. • This group is a subcommittee of the larger 802.3 Ethernet Working Group. In contrast to previous Ethernet standards, 10 Gigabit Ethernet targets three application spaces: the LANs, MANs, and WANs.

  35. Cont. • Gigabit Ethernet is no longer a shared domain, half-duplex technology. • Because there are no packet collisions in a full-duplex link, the link distances are determined by optics and not by the diameter of an Ethernet collision domain. • 10 Gigabit Ethernet will also be a full-duplex, switched technology, maintaining compatibility with the 802.3 Ethernet MAC protocol and the Ethernet frame format.

  36. Cont.

  37. 10 gigabit ethernet Layer 1: Physical Layer Devices Contained within the PHY are several sublayers that perform these functions, including the physical coding sublayer (PCS) and the optical transceiver or physical media dependent (PMD) sublayer for fiber media. The PCS is made up of coding (for example, 8b/10b) and serializer or multiplexing functions.

  38. Cont. 10g Ethernet define two kinds of PHY: • the LAN PHY • the WAN PHY

  39. SONET Friendly Enables use of SONET infrastructure for Layer 1 transport: SONET ADMs, DWDM Transponders, optical regenerators Not SONET Compliant Connects to SONET access devices but not directly to SONET infrastructure WAN PHY

  40. SONET Friendly Requires some SONET features: OC-192 link speed SONET framing MinimalPath/Section/Line overheard processing Not SONET Compliant Avoids most costly aspects of SONET: No TDM support Concatenated OC-192c only Does not require meeting SONET grid laser specifications, jitter requirements, stratum clocking Minimal operations, administration, maintenance, and provisioning (OAM&P) Cont.

  41. LAN PHY • 10 Gigabit defines a LAN PHY that, with simple encoding, will transmit Ethernet packets on dark fiber and dark wavelengths. • The LAN PHY is intended to support the existing Ethernet applications at ten times the bandwidth with the most cost-effective solution.

  42. Cont.

  43. Cont. • Both the LAN and WAN PHY will support each physical medium-dependend (PMD) sublayer and, therefore, support the same distances. These PHYs are distinguished solely by the PCS. • The WAN PHY differs from the LAN PHY by the inclusion of a simplified SONET framer.

  44. At least 65 meters over multimode fiber At least 300 meters over installed multimode fiber At least 2 km over single-mode fiber At least 10 km over single-mode fiber At least 40 km over single-mode fiber Cont. 10 Gigabit Ethernet Link Distance and Media Goals

  45. Application of 10GE 10 Gigabit in the LAN

  46. Cont. 10 Gigabit Ethernet Metropolitan Network

  47. Part 2AMD & Intel

  48. AMD Desktop: AMD Athlon 64 FX, AMD Athlon 64 Server: AMD Opteron Intel Desktop: Intel Pentium 4 w/ HT, Intel Pentium 4 Extreme Edition Server: Intel Itanium 2, Xeon Latest Desktop & Server Processors

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