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The Integumentary System. Skin, accessory organs - integumentary system. http://www.rose.edu/faculty/gjackson/skin-1.gif. Types of Membranes. Serous Membrane - line body cavities that do not have openings to outside. Secrete serous fluid (pleura, peritoneum).
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Types of Membranes • Serous Membrane - line body cavities that do not have openings to outside. • Secrete serous fluid (pleura, peritoneum)
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f1-9a-c_http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f1-9a-c_ serous_membrane_c.jpg
Mucous membrane - line cavities and tubes that open to outside. Cells secrete mucous. • Oral cavities, digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/9674.jpghttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/9674.jpg
Synovial Membrane- form inner linings of joint cavities between ends of bones. • Secrete synovial fluid to lubricate joint. • Release of pressure from fluid causes popping sound when you crack knuckles.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19698.jpghttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19698.jpg
Cutaneous membrane –skin - broken into 2 layers. • Outer layer - epidermis (stratified squamous epithelium); inner layer - dermis (fibrous connective, epithelial, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood)
2 layers separated by basement membrane. • Beneath dermis - subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) - connective and adipose tissue.
http://www.safetyline.wa.gov.au/institute/level2/course16/lecture129/images/l129_06.jpghttp://www.safetyline.wa.gov.au/institute/level2/course16/lecture129/images/l129_06.jpg
Epidermis • Lacks blood vessels. • Deepest layer (stratum basale) provides nourishment to epidermis from dermis. • Further away epidermal cells are from dermis, less nourished - cells slough off.
Stratum basale http://www.cs.stedwards.edu/chem/Chemistry/CHEM43/CHEM43/Photocarcino/image2.jpeg
Older epidermal cells harden through keratinization. • Keratinocytes eventually form layer (stratum corneum) - will be rubbed away.
From top to bottom – layers – stratum corneum, stratum lucidum (hardened skin of soles – missing where skin is thin), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.
Melanocytes in epidermis produce melanin - responsible for skin coloration; absorbs UV radiation. • People have same number of melanocytes; differences in amount of melanin.
Epidermis – 1st line of defense of body. • Protects underlying tissue from being destroyed; allows moisture to be lost. • Keeps out bacteria and other disease causing microorganisms.
http://www.uspharmacist.com/Images/Articles/TransderFig1.gif
Dermis • Binds epidermis to underlying layer. • Blood vessels found here supply nutrients to skin cells; also help to regulate temperature. • Nerve fibers found in dermis - regulate your touch sensation.
Hair follicles, nail bed, sweat glands, oil glands, blood vessels, smooth muscle, nervous tissue, found in this layer.
Subcuteneous layer • Hypodermis located underneath dermis; continuous with dermis. • Adipose tissue - responsible for conservation of heat.
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Accessory organs • Hair follicles –present in almost all areas of body. • Contains hair root (hair anchored into). • Hair - dead epidermal cell that has been pushed to surface. • Arrector pili muscle contracts - hairs stand on end (cold)
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Hair color - determined by melanin. • White hair - absence of melanin; abundance of melanin - dark hair. • Red hair - specific pigment only seen in red hair.
Sebaceous glands (oil glands)- produce oil to help keep hair and skin soft and waterproof. • Glands become clogged - acne develops.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/9703.jpghttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/9703.jpg
Nails - protective coverings of fingers and toes. • Grows from half-moon area (lunula) at base of fingers and toes. • Nail plate covers nail bed (skin)
Lunula http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/21692470/..%5Cimages%5CI54_L.JPG
Sweat glands (sudoriferous glands) - lined with sweat secreting cells. • Sweat used to regulate body temperature. • Sweat made mostly of water - also has salt and wastes in it.
Regulation of body temperature • Cells increase metabolism, body temperature increases. • Results - dilation of blood vessels to allow blood to dissipate heat to outside of body. • Sweat glands release sweat.
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Temperature drops - blood vessels constrict, less blood flows to dermis. • Prevents heat from dissipating to outside of body. • Sweat glands remain inactive, muscles begin to contract (shivering response)
Wound Healing • Inflammation normal response to injury or stress. • Inflammation occurs - blood vessels dilate forcing blood to area. Provides inflamed area with more nutrients. • If deep wound - blood vessels break; eventually clot forms.
Eventually new cells migrate towards wounded area, causing new skin to form. • If wound was extensive, new connective tissue will appear as scar.
Diseases of the skin • 1Acne – results from excessive production of sebum - broken down by bacteria into wastes. • Treatment ranges from frequent cleansing to antibiotics.
2Burns – classified by damage to tissue. • 1st degree – superficial burn (mild sunburn) • 2nd degree – redness and blistering (epidermis and dermis damaged) • 3rd degree – destroys accessory organs as well; needs repair through grafting.
