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GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ARTHROPODS Phylum Arthropoda (jointed  feet) 

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ARTHROPODS Phylum Arthropoda (jointed  feet) . Doç.Dr.Hrisi BAHAR. The arthropods are. ● T he most successful phylum of animals, both in diversity of distribution and in numbers of species and individuals. Arthropoda.

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GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ARTHROPODS Phylum Arthropoda (jointed  feet) 

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  1. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ARTHROPODSPhylum Arthropoda(jointed  feet)  Doç.Dr.Hrisi BAHAR

  2. The arthropods are ●The most successful phylum of animals, both in diversity of distribution and in numbers of species and individuals.

  3. Arthropoda ●They have adapted successfully to life in water, on land and in the air. ●They can survive great extremes of temperature, toxicity, acidity and salinity

  4. Arthropoda ●About 80% of all known animal species belong to the Arthropoda ● About 800,000 species have been described.

  5. Characteristics of Arthropoda ●Metamerism- body is segmented. ●Exoskeleton- body covered with a hard external skeleton. ●Bilateral Symmetry-body can be divided into two identical halves.

  6. Characteristics of Arthropoda Jointed Appendages-each segment may have one pair of appendages, such as: ●legs ●wings ●mouthparts

  7. Characteristics of Arthropoda ● Open Circulatory System-blood washes over organs and is not entirely closed by blood vessels. Our system is a closed one ● Ventral Nerve Cord-one nerve cord, similar to our spinal column

  8. Some of the arthropods are ectoparasite. Ectoparasite: arthropod living outside the human body Some Common Ectoparasites ●Common bedbugs(Cimex lectularius) ●Human fleas(Pulex irritans

  9. Classes of Medical Importance Subphylum CRUSTACEAETwo Class are medically important ●ClassArachnida ●ClassInsecta

  10. Class Aracnida ---------------------------------------------------------- Prostigmata Mesostigmata Mites Cheyletiella, Neotrombicula Metastigmata Mites Dermanyssus Rnithonyssus Ticks Family Ixodidae Ixodes Dermacentor Rhipicephalus, Haemaphysalis Family Argasidae Argas, Ornithodoros Astigmata Mites Sarcoptes,Notoedres, Psoroptes,Tyrophagus, Tyroglyphus, Glyciphagus, Dermatophagoides

  11. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Class insecta D i p t e r a Nematosera (mosquitoes, black flies) Brachisera (flies) Anoplura (Lice) Cins Pediculus Phthirus Heteroptera (Bugs) Cins Cimex Oeciacus Triatoma Rhodnius Panstrongylus Siphonaptera (Fleas) Cins Pulex Ctenocephalides Ceratophyllus Archaeopsylla Xenopsylla Tunga Cins Anopheles Culex Aedes Simulium Phlebotomus Lutzomyia Cins Musca, Glossina, Calliphora, Cochliomyia,Cordylobia, Lucilia, Sarcophaga Wohlfahrtia,Gasterophilus Hypoderma,Cuterebra

  12. ● The insects are the most numerous and diverse of all the groups of arthropods. There are more species of insects than species in all the other classes of animals combined. Class insecta

  13. ● Insects differ from other arthropods in havingthree pairs of legs.In size, insects range from less than1 mm to 20 cmin length, the majority being less than 2.5 cm long. Class insecta

  14. Characteristics ofInsecta 1-3 body segments-  head, thorax , abdomen (stomach area). 2- One pair of antennae 3-Tracheal Respiratory System- composed of tubes, with holes (spiracles) through the body that admit air. ● So, they do not have lungs at all.

  15. Characteristics ofInsecta 4-Wings- usually two pairs of wings, although some have one pair of wings, or none. No other class of arthropods has wings 5-3 pair of legs, 1pair to each of the 3 thoracic segments. Compound eyes, with facets

  16. Order Diptera (Flies) The larvae of flies. Flies are common in the warmer months, and love dead, stinky, and rotting material. They lay eggs, and the eggs develop intolarvae (maggot)that need to eat. They appear quite fast (8-12 hours), and will eat away tissue if the conditions are present

  17. Disease that results from the infestation of tissues or cavities of the body by larvae(maggots) of flies Myasis

  18. Anopheles ●Anopheles is a genus ofmosquito (Culicidae). ●There are approximately 460 recognised species: while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30-40 commonly transmit parasites of the genusPlasmodiumthat cause malaria which affects humans in endemic areas. ●Anopheles gambiaeis one of the best known, because of its predominant role in the transmission of the deadly species –Plasmodium falciparum.

  19. ●Some species of Anopheles also can serve as the vectors for FilariidaeWuchereria bancrofti ●Mosquitoes in other genera (Aedes,Culex) can also serve as vectors of disease agents. Anopheles gambiae

  20. Adults of theCx. Pipiens complexare light brown mosquitoes that lack distinctive markings on the proboscis and legs, and are not readily separated from other Culex (Culex) mosquitoes. Adult females of the complex are usually identified by the presence of distinctive, basal, pale abdominal bands. Culex

  21. Phlebotomus(sand flies) The female sand fly carries the Leishmania protozoa from infected animals after feeding, thus transmitting the disease, while the male feeds on plant nectar.Phlebotomus species are also vector for phlebotomus fever,anarboviruscaused byToscana virus.

  22. Adults are small sizedabout 1.5-3 mm, yellowish in colour with conspicuous black eyes,hairy body, wings andlegs.

  23. Anoplura (Lice) • Pediculus ●Pediculus humanus capitis ●Pediculus humanus corporis • Phthirus ●Phthirus pubis

  24. Morphology ●Wingless insects. ●Permanent ectoparasite. ●Host specific parasites,each lice species is found on only a single species of host. Lice

  25. Pediculus humanus Pediculus humanus capitis(head louse) localization and sites of oviposition Hair on the head, rarely on beard hairs or hairy sites on upper body. ● Pediculus humanus corporis(body louse) localization and sites of oviposition Stitching, seams, and folds in clothes, especially where it is in direct contact with the body.

  26. Phthirus pubis (crab louse) localization and sites of oviposition Hair of pubic area, more rarely in the abdominal and axillar regions, beard, eyebrows, and eyelashes.

  27. Cimex Cimex lectularius Order Heteroptera(Bugs) ●They are about 3–4mm long ●Dorsoventrally flattened bodies ●Greatly reduced wings ●A bloodsucking proboscis thatcan be folded back ventrally

  28. Siphonaptera -Fleas Pulex Pulex irritans(Pulex) • This flea is about 2–5mm long, ●Laterally flattened, ●Wingless ●Have three pairs of legs, the hindmost of which are highly adapted for jumping.

  29. Fleas are competent vectors for numerous microbial pathogens of medical and veterinary importance ● Ctenocephalides felis (Cat flea) Vector of -Cat scratch disease (Bartonella species) -Spotted fever (Rickettsia felis) -Plague (Yersinia pestis) ●XenopsillaCheopis(Rat flea) Vector of -Plague (Yersinia pestis) ● Pulex irritans(human flea) Vector of -Plague (Yersinia pestis)

  30. Class ArachnidaTicks (Ixodida) ●They are blood-sucking, opportunistic parasites that can attach to the skin of a variety of vertebrate hosts. ●They have no segmentation and are dorso-ventrally flat with four pairs of legs

  31. Ixodes ricinus ●Vector of the causative agents ofLyme borreliosis and Tickborne encephalitis ●Human tick bites in central Europe are in most cases caused by I. ricinusand only occasionally by other tick species.

  32. Tick bite

  33. DISEASES FOR WHICH HARD TICKS ARE CARRIERS BACTERIAL DISEASES  ** Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever The causativeagent,Ricketsia rickettsii, **Tularemia The causative agent ,Francisella tularensis **Q Fever The causative agent, Coxiella burnetii

  34. DISEASES FOR WHICH HARD TICKS ARE CARRIERS BACTERIAL DISEASES **Human erlichiosis The causativeagent, bacteria of the Ehrlichia family. **Lyme Dısease The causativeagent Borrelia burgdorferi(USA) Borrelia garinii orBorrelia afzelii ( In Europe )

  35. DISEASES FOR WHICH HARD TICKS ARE CARRIERS VIRAL DISEASES ** Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever The causativeagent Nairovirus. ** Tıck -Born EncephalitisThe causativeagent,Tick-borne encephalitis virus

  36. Mites Sarcoptes scabieiCausative agent of scabies Scabies mite (Sarcoptes scabei) is the cause of scabies and is distributed worldwide. Epidemics of the disease may occur for long periods but mites may be common at all times in very poor communities with inadequate washing facilities.

  37. Sarcoptes scabiei • Transmission is by close contact (sexual partners, family,members, school children, healthcare staff)from person to person, • Indirect transmission on clothes (underclothes), bed linens is not a primary route, but should be considered as a factor in control measures. • Without a host, mites usually die off within a few days. Mite infections can also be acquired from animals to which humans have close skin contact.

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