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Sponges Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera

Sponges Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera. Vase sponge. Porifera. Porifera means “pore-bearing” and refers to the numerous pores and channels that permeate a sponge’s body. P hylum Porifera includes about 8000 species almost all of which are marine and come in many colors

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Sponges Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera

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  1. Sponges Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera

  2. Vase sponge

  3. Porifera • Porifera means “pore-bearing” and refers to the numerous pores and channels that permeate a sponge’s body. • Phylum Poriferaincludes about 8000 species almost all of which are marine and come in many colors • About 150 freshwater species, color green, members of the family Spongillidae. • Sponges occur worldwide at all latitudes from the intertidal zone to the deep sea. • Range in size from a few millimeters to 2 meters across • Some tropical sponges can live 200 years, the largest are thought to be thousands of years old • Temperate sponges species live only a few years

  4. Sponges are plastic • Sponges may be bulky, spherical or tree-like, or appear as incrustations • vary in thickness and are found in all colours • a single species can vary in shape and colour depending on its habitat. • appearance due to environment (light levels, hydrodynamics, etc.) • Have few predators: sea slugs graze on them

  5. Porifera: Simplestof all animals • Sponges have no tissue or organs, • Contain specialized cells but no other organization level • filtration of water is carried out by their aquifer system: channels and small chambers lined with specialized cells (choanocytes) that create currents of water and retain nutritive particles • gain their nourishment from microscopic detritus, bacteria, and micro-algae suspended in the water. • Sponges are therefore suspensivores

  6. WATER OUT Water Flow Through the Sponge WATER IN Osculum

  7. Porifera feeding • Sponges are sessile (they don’t move) • depend on water movement to bring in food and oxygen and remove wastes. • Sponges generate their own flow of water having a unique water current system.

  8. Porifera feeding Water enters Through many small pores called ostia and exits through fewer, larger oscula. Openings are connected by a series of canals, which are lined by choanocytes (the flagellated collar cells) that maintain the current and filter out food particles. Choanocytes

  9. Porifera feeding • The choanocyte’s collar consists of microvilli joined together by delicate microfibrils,which filter out tiny food particles. • The beating of the flagellum draws water through the collar and out the top. • Particles too big to pass through the collar get trapped in mucus and slide down the collar to the base where they are phagocytized.

  10. Porifera feeding • Sponges can filter enormous volumes of water as much as 20,000 times the volume of the sponge in 24 hours. • Sea water contains about 65 milligrammes of silicon per litre. Demosponges and hexactinallidaSponges are able to extract the silicate from the water and precipitate it as the silica. • Sponges mostly consume bacteria and may filter as much as 90% of those passing through.

  11. Amoebocytes

  12. Skeletal Structure of the Sponge • Sponges are divided into three main classes based on the structure of their endoskeletons:Calcarea, Demosponges, and Glass Sponges. • Skeleton made of network of protein fibers called Spongin, silk-like scleroprotein • Spicules are hard spear or star-shaped structures • Spicules made of CaCO3(limestone) or silica (glass)

  13. Spongin Venus flower basket

  14. Spicules: silica or calcium carbonate sponge_spicules_06_300x310_rathl in_sponges_divernet.com sponge_spicules_09_600x400 Venus'%20Flower%20Basket%20(Euplectella%20aspergillum)%20%7C%20Flickr%20-%20Photo%20Sharing!.webarchive

  15. Reproduction • Sponges reproduce asexually by budding • Also reproduce by fragmentation (pieces break off & form a new sponge) • Sponges can regenerate (regrow) lost body parts through mitotic cell division (asexual) • This property makes spongiculture possible

  16. Survival Pods • Gemmules are specialized buds made to survive harsh weather (hot or cold) • Contain food, amebocytes, and a protective covering of spicules • Released when a sponge dies • Resist dessication (drying out) • Become adult sponge conditions become favorable

  17. Reproduction Sponge releasing eggs and sperm • Sponges are hermaphrodites (produce both eggs & sperm) • Sponges reproduce Sexuallybyreleasing eggs & sperminto the water from theOsculum • Cross-fertilize each other’s eggs • Free-swimming larval stage called Dipleurula

  18. Azure Vase Sponge

  19. Barrel sponges Rope sponges

  20. Sponge skeleton • consists of fibres of spongine, a sort of collagen, which gives these sponges "suppleness, elasticity, and softness". • Hippospongiacommunis (Lamarck, 1814), the common or "honey comb" sponge, is the species most often caught in the Mediterranean. • It may grow very large (several dozen centimetres or about a foot in diameter). Its network of channels is the most "cavernous", giving it a remarkable power of absorption

  21. Carnivorous/ Symbiotic • A few spongescapture small prey, such as crustaceans. • Members of the family Cladorhizidae capture their prey using spicules that act like velcro to hold the prey. Cells then surround and digest prey extracellularly. • Some sponges supplement their filter feeding by hosting symbionts such as green algae, dinoflagellates or cyanobacteria.

  22. Types of cells in Porifera • Sponge cells occur scattered through a gelatinous matrix called mesohyl. • Spicules are distributed through the mesohyl as are several different specialized cells types.

  23. Sponge cell types • Archaeocytes: move around within the mesohyl. They are ameboid in appearance and carry out several tasks. • Phagocytize particles and receive particles for digestion from choanocytes. • Can differentiate into other specialized cell types. • Secrete structural components. Specialized archaeocytes called sclerocytes, spongocytes and collenocytes secrete respectively spicules, spongin and collagen.

  24. Sponge cell types • Choanocytes: (collar cells) engage in filter feeding. One end is imbedded in mesohyl and the other end protrudes. • The protruding end of the choanocyte has a flagellum that moves water through a mesh-like collar where small particles are trapped. • Porocytes: These are tubular cells that in the simplest type of sponge (asconoid sponges) form tubes through the wall of the sponge and allow water to flow into the central chamber

  25. Sponge cell types • Pinacocytes: Layers of pinacocytes form a flat, thin epithelium-like layer • Pinacocytes cover exterior and some interior surfaces. • have some ability to contract • arranged in bands around pores and use to regulate the flow of water in and out of the sponge.

  26. Canal systems • Most sponges have one of three types of canal system: • Asconoid • Syconoid • Leuconoid • These systems differ from in each other in the increasing complexity.

  27. Sponge reproduction • Sponges reproduce both sexually and asexually. • Most sexually reproducing species are hermaphrodites (individuals produce both male and female gametes at different times). • Sperm are shed into the water and taken up by other sponges. Individuals with eggs use special cells called archaeocytes to transport sperm to the eggs.

  28. Sponge reproduction • Zygotes develop into ciliated larvae that are released into the water and eventually settle and develop into a sponge. • Asexual reproduction is either by budding or more commonly the production of gemmules which are clusters of cells surrounded by a protective coat.

  29. Totipotency • Sponges possess several different types of cells. • All sponge cells are totipotent and can give rise to any of the other types of cell. • A single cell can give rise to a new sponge • Can self-assemble with other cells into a sponge a sponge separated into its constituent cells will spontaneously reassemble

  30. Groups of sponges • There are three classes of sponges: • Class Calcarea - spicules are made of calcium carbonate • Tend to be small (<10cm) and tubular or vase shaped • Class Hexactinellida –six-rayed siliceous spicules bound in a glasslike lattice • Nearly all are deep sea forms • Body of hexactinellids consists of a single, syncytial tissue (mass of protoplasm containing many nuclei, but not divided into cells) • Class Demospongiae

  31. Demospongiae • Includes about 80% of all species • Includes the freshwater Spongillidae • Spiculessiliceous, spongin or both. • All members are leuconoid (more complex canals) • Comprise most of the large sponges • Loggerhead sponges may be 5 ft in diameter and weigh 700 lbs • Includes the bath sponges, which have only spongin skeletons.

  32. Origins of multicellularity • Choanocytes the collar cells of sponges bear a striking resemblance to free-living unicellular choanoflagellates. Choanoflagellate Choanocytes

  33. 1424u giant sponge 1455u purple sponge

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