20th Century US History

1. 20th Century US History WhatisHistory? Historyisnothing more than the analysis and study of the consequences of HUMAN decisions made over time. Whyshouldwestudyhistory? Studyinghistorywill help youthinkcritically and analytically, and help improveyourdecisionmakingskills. To best understand American history of the 20thcenturyyou must studyitwith an understanding ofperspective and empathy. An understanding of the world aroundyourequiresit. What opinions do Americans have of themselves? Theirpolitics/govt.? ‘The Anti-Americans’ WHAT PRESPECTIVES DO PEOPLE FROM OTHER COUNTRIES HAVE OF AMERICANS AND THE UNITED STATES? Are these opinions about Americansjustified? Are theyaccurate? How didthishappen? In the late 1800’s, people frommost countries had no ideawhat an American waslike AND onlyheard good things about the USA. Perspectives of people of one nation towardsanother are formed by (1) historicalrelationships, (2) national prideand (3) cultural prejudice of one nation on the other. Remember: have a sense of EMPATHY whenstudyinghistory.

2. “EVERY PICTURE TELLS A STORY”Lesson Focus: How to analyze non-print information The information you acquire about an episode in history can be verbal, written or visual. This information, or “evidence”, tells us about the human condition throughout history. Whether you acquire information verbally, visually or in written form… the more you notice, the more you remember. “American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

4. Newspaper Advertisement for Pear’s Soap ~ 1899

5. Which idea do you agree with more?“EVERY MAN FOR HIMSELF”or“ALL FOR ONE AND ONE FOR ALL” Robin Hood: Hero or Villain?

6. The Preamble of the US Constitution:(this explains WHY the Constitution was created)What two themes emerge in the Preamble? We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. 2012: to what extent have we achieved these goals?

7. The American Dream What is the “American Dream”? In a nation as large, complex and diverse as the USA: Do you think all Americans are qualified to achieve it? Do you think all Americans possess the same opportunities to achieve it? Do you think the “dream” is a reality for every American? Should government have any role helping every American come closer to achieving the American dream? Are the principles of “freedom” and “equality” part of the American dream?

8. DO NOW! • In the writing section of your notebook (separate from the note section) complete ONE of the following tasks: • 1. Describe the meaning of John Gast’s painting “American Progress”. • 2. Describe what is actually being sold to the consumer in the “Pear’s Soap” advertisement. • 3. Describe (and give examples of) the meaning of the Preamble of the US Constitution.

9. Recall the conclusions that were made about “American Progress”

10. The Turner Thesis In the summer of 1893, historian Frederick Jackson Turner presented a speech that discussed the significance of the frontier on the history of the United States from its beginnings to 1890. His conclusions about the significance of the frontier, at the time, were generally ignored. But, looking back, these conclusions can explain the history of the United States during the 20th century and beyond.

11. Turner’s conclusions: • The “frontier” was responsible for the defining of “America” and what it meant to be an “American”. • The “frontier” had developed an American society and created an American culture, thus distancing America from its European roots. • Conquering frontiers made us more self-sufficient and less reliant on Europe. • This could potentially make the US more powerful than Europe. • Frontier was the “catalyst for democratization”. • “Frontier” was synonymous with “progress”. • The 1890 census told us that the frontier had closed…no more frontiers. • What would the closing of the frontier mean to the United States? • The “closing” of the frontier signaled the end of everything that it had been responsible for: • the end of progress and end to the development of democracy. • Without “progress”, stagnation would set in – which would lead to decay and, finally, death. • So, the US would have to conquer new frontiers in order to continue its progress and further the development of its democratic tradition. • The history of the US in the 20th century can be viewed as one in which the nation has been confronted with many new and different kinds of frontiers. How the nation has approached conquering these frontiers defines our nation’s history of the past 100+ years. • CLOSURE: You’ve been reading about the “Gilded Age” in America: • Is there any evidence of stagnation, rot or decay in America by 1900? • What new frontiers was the US facing at the turn of the century, 1900? • In what ways was the America of 1900 different than the America of 1865?

12. “civilization follows the sun” • “The vast movement by which this continent was conquered and peopled cannot be rightly understood if considered solely by itself. It was the crowning and greatest achievement of a series of mighty movements, and it must be taken in connection with them. Its true significance will be lost unless we grasp, however roughly, the past race-history of the nations who took part therein.” • Theodore Roosevelt, 1889

13. The Evolution of a Race of People: FOLLOWING THE SUN

14. The concept of “Following the Sun” • “Civilization follows the sun” • Aryan Man….Teutonic Man….Anglo-Saxon Man….American Man: “most civilized” • (Based on what you know) “mixing” of the races is taboo…why? • Four Stages and Types of Civilizations: • Savage: wild, uncultivated, fierce, untamed, primitive, uncivilized • Barbarian: somewhat civilized, yet primitive group that lacks culture • Civilized : advanced and refined social organization of a high order • Over-Civilized: the point in civilized society when life gets too easy • Humans battle for supremacy over other humans. • Hence, nations battle for supremacy over other nations • Theodore Roosevelt’s “Battle Thesis” (from “The Winning of the West”): • In TR’s mind, the closing of the frontier (and depression in 1893 with over 26% unemployed, 642 bank failures, 16,000 business failures) meant loss of vigor, virility, strength, competitiveness, unity and solidarity among Anglo-Saxon Americans. • To him, this equaled the condition of “over-civilization” (softness and weakness). • What is the cure for “over-civilization”?

15. Closure/Review • Perspective and Empathy • You must understand why decisions made in US history were made • “American Progress” – 1872 – “STORY”? • “PEAR’S SOAP” – what was being sold? • Preamble of the US Constitution • Promotes Freedom and Equality • The American Dream: exposes some social “issues” • The Turner Thesis • “Following the Sun” • Predict the FOREIGN and DOMESTIC direction of the US in 1900 based on the above.

16. Next topic: Transitioning from US1 to US2 LESSON FOCUS: To recognize and describe the ways in which the United States had CHANGED between the end Reconstruction (1880) and 1900. This era is commonly known as the “Gilded Age”; meaning that, on the surface, America was covered with gold, but beneath the surface was a much different America. America experienced great TRANSITION during this time . It is also an era that was teeming with CONFLICT. These last 20 years of the century are also known as the “reckless” decades or an “age of extremes”; decades in which our democracy seemed more like a PLUTOCRACY Beneath the surface there was an America that had rotted and decayed…socially, politically and economically.

17. USA between 1880 and 1900: An Age of Extremes:What made this era one of “extremes”? • Beneath the surface there was an America that had rotted and decayed…socially, politically and economically, and great CONFLICT existed within US society. EXAMPLES? • “Robber Barons” or “Captains of industry”? • What is the societal impact of acute concentration of wealth and monopolization of industry? • The plight of the American farmer (Kansas) and the emergence of “Populism”: • What is the societal impact of ignoring the plight of the American farmer? • The urban immigrant experience, urban living conditions, political machines and ACTIVISM: • What is the societal impact of having people live in such abject poverty? • What is the societal impact of allowing and promoting political corruption? • The relationship between labor and capital: • What is the societal impact of the capitalist class exploiting and mistreating the working class? • FOREIGN AFFAIRS: The USA decided to find new “frontiers” to continue its progress (IMPERIALISM) • The Gilded Age was an important episode in our history. We must figure out how and why this happened, understand how this era impacted the course of 20th century America AND recognize that making similar decisions will cause similar results.

18. America in 1900 Overall, if there is ONE MAJOR difference between the America of 1900 and the America of 1865, what is it?

19. Between 1865 and 1900, the US had become a POWERFUL nation… • What are the elements of POWER? What makes a nation powerful? • What are a powerful nation’s responsibilities ? • A) DOMESTICALLY? • B) GLOBALLY? • How does a nation maintain its power? • Should a powerful nation isolate itself from global issues?

20. Focus:To understand the evolution of American diplomacy and foreign policy to 1900 DIPLOMACY: -the practice of a nation negotiating with other states or nations. FOREIGN POLICY: -An outline of HOW a nation will negotiate with other nations. How did America’s diplomatic relations with other nations evolve as America evolved between 1783 and 1890?

21. The First Thing to Consider: THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA • The major Europeanpowers met in Vienna, Austriaduring 1814 and 1815 to discussways to maintainpeacebetweenpowerfulEuropean nations. This was the first modern attemptatsecuring global peace. • Great Britain, France, Germany (Prussia), Russia, Spain, Holland, Austria-Hungary and, to a lesserextent Portugal, werestillconsidered ‘empires’ with colonies around the globe. • This represented the first ‘collective security’ organization (alliance) in history, and establishedagreedbordersbetweenthese nations. • Major issue discussedat Vienna: • Revolutionarymovements in the colonies of these major powersthreatenedtheir empires. • These colonies wereespecially in the western hemisphere. • So anyrebellionwouldthreatenthe US as well. • Major decisionat Vienna: ‘Pre-emptive action...’ • ‘ Concert of Europe ’, an agreement to suppress all revolutionsthatmay break out in theirforeign colonies (pre-emptive) AND thatrevolutionarymovementswithinEuropean nations wouldalsobesuppressed by these nations together. • What IMPACT couldtheseagreements have on the United States and itsforeignpolicy?

22. The Evolution of US Diplomacy • George Washington’s “Proclamation of Neutrality” (1793) • Because of our status as a young, weak nation we should pursue a policy of neutrality in the affairs of other nations. • We should avoid “entangling alliances” which would help us avoid the problems of other nations. • Manifest (obvious) Destiny (inevitable) (1803-1867) • The policy of conquering the physical frontier of the USA by “acquiring” territory from other nations. Louisiana Purchase, Mexican Cession, Gadsden Purchase, Florida, Alaska and the Oregon Territory. • Belief in a “divine mission” (in other words, a mandate from God) of America (the Anglo-Saxon race) to spread the principles of American democracy and our values across the continent. (Remember “American Progress” painting?) • “Divine Providence” (God’s Word) justifies the policy, making this a moral mission for America. • Would it be logical to spread our institutions and values beyond our continental borders? • The Monroe Doctrine: 1823 (our response to the Concert of Europe) • Policy that European powers could not intervene in the affairs of sovereign nations in the Western Hemisphere (the Americas) and that the US would not intervene in the affairs of the European powers. • Any violation of the doctrine would be recognized as an act of aggression against the USA. • This diplomatic outline (foreign policy) is a policy of “ISOLATION”. • From 1793 to 1890 the USA’s had a tradition of diplomatic isolation.

24. US Foreign Policy and Diplomacy (late 19th Century) • In the 1890’s, the US suddenly abandoned its time honored policy of isolationism and adopted a NEW policy of expansionism, or, “imperialism”. • IMPERIALISM: • The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political hegemony over other nations. • HEGEMONY: • Predominant influence, (a state, region or group) over another or others. • Now the US would compete with the existing empires in a quest for world domination. • What factors influenced this decision? • What must a nation be willing to do in order to pursue a policy of IMPERIALISM? • What element of power is essential in pursuing a policy of IMPERIALISM? • Where are we going to “expand” to?

25. Motives Behind US Decision to Become “Imperialist”(Get copies of documents in “Imperialism folder”) ASSIGNMENT: Read parts 1 and 2 in Chapter 8 of “Reckless Decade” (pp. 287-295), and pp. 400-403 in AMSCO and be able to explain the reasons and motivations for US imperial expansion in the 1890s. Terms/people that you should know: Manifest Destiny, John Fiske, Josiah Strong, Theodore Roosevelt, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Henry Cabot Lodge Does “Imperialism” appear to be a CONTINUATION of or DEPARTURE from Manifest Destiny? Is this new policy consistent with the Turner’s frontier thesis? Under what circumstances do you think one nation has the justifiable right to HEGEMONY? What are the SHORT and LONG TERM consequences (positive and negative) of the US decision to engage in a policy of “empire building” late in the 19th Century? Why do you think the US suddenly abandoned its time-honored policy of ISOLATIONISM and engaged in a new policy of IMPERIALISM?

26. The Path of Empire(Images in Chapter 27) • Examine all of the NON-PRINT information in the chapter. Read anything related to the image (caption, etc.). • Explain the intent or purpose of the images. • What is the “message” of each image? • What is the “message” of the images taken collectively? • What historical themes are revealed by the images? • Perspective: • describe the various points of view of the topic presented by the creators of these images. • Question: Overall, what do these images tell you about public opinion regarding American imperialism during the late 19th century?

27. Yellow Journalism • A media technique that exaggerates and sensationalizes a news story. • The presentation of the story is usually poorly researched and devoid of accurate facts or the truth. • The media outlet (magazine, newspaper, radio, television, internet) is promoting an agenda of self-promotion. They are trying to get people to adhere to their viewpoint. • What are the “messages” of the following images? Do they support or oppose US imperialist expansion?

28. The Imperial Menu

29. “The World’s Plunderers”

30. “Spanish Crime: The Blowing up of the Maine”

31. “Cuba Libre”

32. USS Olympia

33. “Uncle Sam and People from his Colonies”

34. The White (?) Man’s Burden

35. Focus: Recognize the “Seeds of Imperialism” • 1843: UK declared islands independent; USA’s public response: • “the government of the United States will never allow the Hawaiian Islands to fall into the hands of another nation.” • 1844: Treaty of Wanghia: Commerce treaty with China • “extraterritoriality” • 1854: Treaty of Kanagawa : America-Japan Treaty of Amity & Friendship • Peace treaty with Japan ; opened 1 Japanese port to US commercial interests. • What do these tell you about US aspirations in the mid 1800’s? • Be able to recognize the obstacles to America achieving its goals. • Be able to recognize the possible side effects of US expansion into Asia.

36. Getting closer to the next frontier • 1867 – Acquisition of Alaska from Russia • 1867 – Acquisition of Virgin Islands from Denmark for $7.5 million (deal was finalized in 1917) • 1871 - The Alabama Claims – US vs. GB conflict • 1871 - Treaty of Washington • 1889 - The Samoan Islands – USA vs. Germany near war • 1890 – Admiral Alfred T. Mahan: • “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History” • 1893 - The Turner Thesis • 189? – Next frontier… • REMINDER: • What is fueling America’s desire to expand globally?

37. 1890 -Alfred Mahan’s Treatise on “Sea Power”Mahan believed that there were 5 essential things the US needed to do: • Get into Asia for trade - Ultimate goal is China • Cheap labor, raw materials and markets for trade 2. Seize important harbors for trade and fueling 3. Create “links” (or “stepping stones”) in the Pacific Ocean 4. Build a canal in Central America 5. Make the Caribbean an American “lake” • How do we achieve these strategic goals? • Conflict is almost inevitable…with who? • US seems willing to risk conflict. Why?

38. The US Flexes its Muscles:Asserting Our Power in the Americas • 1868-78: 1st Cuban revolt vs. Spain • 1889: The “Big Sister Policy” (economic cooperation) • 1892: The “Valparaiso” incident – US vs. Chile • *1893: Attempted annexation of Hawaii* • 1894: 2nd Cuban uprising vs. Spain • 1895: Venezuelan Border Dispute – GB vs. Venezuela • By 1895: How is the US perceived by: • Its Latin American neighbors? • The European powers? • ITSELF? • What nation must the US “go through” to get to China? • “we have no commission from God to police the world” -President Benjamin Harrison 1892 • “government derives its authority to govern from the consent of the governed” - Thomas Jefferson

39. Sensing Conflict: Getting to China by going through Spain • Cuba :Spanish colony since 1511 • Concert of Europe vs. Monroe Doctrine • Spanish/Cuban relations (1834-1894) • Spain’s “problems” with Cuba? • Do Spain’s “problems” with Cuba justify US intervention on behalf of the Cuban rebels? • War is ALWAYS the final option in a dispute; used only when all other options have been exhausted. • A series of events will eventually lead to a US declaration of war against Spain in 1898.

40. “The DeLome Letter”"THE WORST INSULT TO THE UNITED STATES IN ITS HISTORY” • Letter from the Spanish ambassador in Washington, DC, Dupuy DeLome, to a friend of his in Havana, Cuba. • This personal letter was “intercepted” by a Cuban rebel at a post office in Havana who “leaked” it to William Hearst (“yellow journalist”) who printed it in his papers on February 9, 1898. • . "... McKinley is weak and catering to the rabble, and, besides, a low politician, who desires to leave a door open to me and to stand well with the jingoes of his party…” • The letter sparked anti-Spanish sentiment in US, but does it justify intervention by the US in Spain’s internal affairs in Cuba?

41. The Sinking of the USS Maine15 February 1898 • Why was the USS Maine in a Spanish port (Havana) in Cuba?` • What caused the explosion that destroyed the USS Maine and killed 258 US sailors? • Given what we know about the causes of the explosion, would this event justify US intervention in Cuba?

42. McKinley’s War Message • List the reasons McKinley gives in asking Congress to give him a declaration of war. As a member of Congress would you give him a declaration of war? Why?

43. The grounds for such intervention may be briefly summarized as follows: First. In the cause of humanity and to put an end to the barbarities, bloodshed, starvation, and horrible miseries now existing there, and which the parties to the conflict are either unable or unwilling to stop or mitigate. It is no answer to say this is all in another country, belonging to another nation, and is therefore none of our business. It is specially our duty, for it is right at our door. Second. We owe it to our citizens in Cuba to afford them that protection and indemnity for life and property which no government there can or will afford, and to that end to terminate the conditions that deprive them of legal protection. Third. The right to intervene may be justified by the very serious injury to the commerce, trade, and business of our people and by the wanton destruction of property and devastation of the island. Fourth, and which is of the utmost importance. The present condition of affairs in Cuba is a constant menace to our peace and entails upon this Government an enormous expense. With such a conflict waged for years in an island so near us and with which our people have such trade and business relations; when the lives and liberty of our citizens are in constant danger and their property destroyed and themselves ruined; where our trading vessels are liable to seizure and are seized at our very door by war ships of a foreign nation; the expeditions of filibustering that we are powerless to prevent altogether, and the irritating questions and entanglements thus arising -- all these and others that I need not mention, with the resulting strained relations, are a constant menace to our peace and compel us to keep on a semi war footing with a nation with which we are at peace. These elements of danger and disorder already pointed out have been strikingly illustrated by a tragic event which has deeply and justly moved the American people. I have already transmitted to Congress the report of the naval court of inquiry on the destruction of the battle ship Maine in the harbor of Havana during the night of the 15th of February. The destruction of that noble vessel has filled the national heart with inexpressible horror. Two hundred and fifty-eight brave sailors and marines and two officers of our Navy, reposing in the fancied security of a friendly harbor, have been hurled to death, grief and want brought to their homes and sorrow to the nation.

44. Congress refused to declare war on Spain. The Teller Amendment This document was amended, or added, to McKinley’s original war message. What are the main points of the Teller Amendment?

45. Whereas, the abhorrent conditions which have existed for more than three years in the Island of Cuba, so near our own borders, have shocked the moral sense of the people of the United States, have been a disgrace to Christian civilization, culminating, as they have, in the destruction of a United States battleship, with two hundred and sixty-six of its officers and crew, while on a friendly visit in the harbor of Havana, and can not longer be endured, as has been set forth by the President of the United States in his message to Congress of April eleventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, upon which the action of Congress was invited: Therefore, Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, First. That the people of the Island of Cuba are, and of right ought to be, free and independent. Second. That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the Government of the United States does hereby demand, that the Government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the Island of Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters. Third. That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is, directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the United States, and to call into the actual service of the United States, the militia of the several States, to such extent as may be necessary to carry these resolutions into effect. Fourth. That the United States hereby disclaims any disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said Islands except for the pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the Island to its people.

46. The Teller Amendment • NOW is there enough of a reason to declare war on Spain? • The Teller Amendment served to persuade Congress to declare war against Spain. • What is the “instrument of persuasion”? • In your opinion, does this “amendment” make US intervention in the internal affairs of Spain in Cuba justified?

47. “Highlights” of the SPAM WarCheck out the time line of events: • 12/14/97: Spain signs truce with its colony in the Philippines • 1/1/98: Spain grants Cuba “limited autonomy” • 2/15/98: USS Maine sunk in Havana harbor…what was the real cause? • 2/25/98: TR’s telegram to Admiral George Dewey in Hong Kong ordering him to attack Spanish fleet in Manila (The Philippines) when war begins. • 3/29/98: US 1st “ultimatum” to Spain/Spain agrees to negotiate a peaceful settlement with Cuban rebels and grant autonomy to Cuba. • 4/11/98: McKinley’s war message; 2nd ultimatum to Spain to leave Cuba. • 4/17/98: Spain agrees to 2nd US ultimatum (leave Cuba and grant Cuba its independence) to avoid war • 4/19/98: Teller Amendment – US would help liberate Spain’s colonies • 4/20/98: Congress declares war on Spain • 4/24/98: Spain rejects 2nd ultimatum and declares war on US • 5/1/98: Dewey destroys Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, Philippines • 6/14/98: McKinley undecided about status of post-war Philippines • 6/15/98: McKinley agrees to “annex” Hawaiian Islands • 8/12/98: Spain surrenders!! We WIN!! • If the goal was China, how does this help us get there?

48. Post-War: The Treaty of Paris • Spain lost the war, its colonies and its empire. • US assumed control of Guam, Puerto Rico & Cuba • US paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines. • Status of lands: • Territory: geographic area that is controlled by another government • Protectorate: geographic area militarily protected by another government • Commonwealth: independent nation under the authority of another govt. • Terms are inconsistent with the Teller Amendment • How we “corrected” the inconsistency: • The Platt Amendment • The Foraker Act (1900) & Jones Act (1917) - Dealt with the status of Puerto Rico • US appointed Governor; locally elected legislature • US federal laws govern Puerto Rico; citizens are US citizens • Status of Puerto Rico: a “commonwealth” of US • The Insular Cases • Does the Constitution follow the flag? • Do the new territories have the same constitutional rights as the rest of the US? • Answer: No. • ISSUE: What to do with the Philippines? • “Benevolent Assimilation Project” to turn the savage Filipinos into civilized, Christianized and Americanized people. • We are now on China’s doorstep… • …do the ends justify the means?

49. The Platt Amendment, 1903 Article I. The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any foreign power or powers which will impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any manner authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to obtain by colonization or for military or naval purposes, or otherwise, lodgment in or control over any portion of said island. Article II. The Government of Cuba shall not assume or contract any public debt to pay the interest upon which, and to make reasonable sinking-fund provision for the ultimate discharge of which, the ordinary revenues of the Island of Cuba, after defraying the current expenses of the Government, shall be inadequate. Article III. The Government of Cuba consents that the United States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for discharging the obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the Treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be assumed and undertaken by the Government of Cuba. . . . Article V. The Government of Cuba will execute, and, as far as necessary, extend the plans already devised, or other plans to be mutually agreed upon, for the sanitation of the cities of the island, to the end that a recurrence of epidemic and infectious diseases may be prevented, thereby assuring protection to the people and commerce of Cuba, as well as to the commerce of the Southern ports of the United States and the people residing therein.... Article VII. To enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its own defense, the Government of Cuba will sell or lease to the United States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations, at certain specified points, to be agreed upon with the ]?resident of the United States. Article I. The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any foreign power or powers which will impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any manner authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to obtain by colonization or for military or naval purposes, or otherwise, lodgment in or control over any portion of said island. Article II. The Government of Cuba shall not assume or contract any public debt to pay the interest upon which, and to make reasonable sinking-fund provision for the ultimate discharge of which, the ordinary revenues of the Island of Cuba, after defraying the current expenses of the Government, shall be inadequate. Article III. The Government of Cuba consents that the United States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for discharging the obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the Treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be assumed and undertaken by the Government of Cuba. . Article V. The Government of Cuba will execute, and, as far as necessary, extend the plans already devised, or other plans to be mutually agreed upon, for the sanitation of the cities of the island, to the end that a recurrence of epidemic and infectious diseases may be prevented, thereby assuring protection to the people and commerce of Cuba, as well as to the commerce of the Southern ports of the United States and the people residing therein.... Article VII. To enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its own defense, the Government of Cuba will sell or lease to the United States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations, at certain specified points, to be agreed upon with the ]?resident of the United States.