Infinitives

1. Infinitives They’re not just used as bases anymore!

2. Objectives • I can: • Form and translate the five infinitives • Recognize and translate the uses of the infinitive: subjective, historical, objective, complementary, and indirect statement • Determine which types of verbs require infinitive structures • Use the correct tense of infinitive to show relationship in time to main verb of indirect statement

3. Objectives • I can: • Translate a present infinitive to show concurrent action with the main verb • Translate a perfect infinitive to show action occurring before the main verb • Translate a future infinitive to show occurring after the main verb

4. Cultural Objectives • I can: • Describe the effect of the Punic Wars on the development of Rome • Identify the major personalities of the late Republic and describe their contributions to the end of the Republic • Explain the reasons behind the assassination of Julius Caesar and the consequences of the action • Describe the civil war between Octavian and Antony and how Octavian rose to power

5. I can: • Describe the principate of Augustus and his political propaganda • Explain the fatal flaw set by Augustus not having an heir and the effect this had on the rest of Roman history

6. Present active, present passive, perfect passive, perfect actice, future active Forming Infinitives

7. Present Active Infinitives • Second principal part of the verb • Amo, amare, amavi, amatus • Usually ends with re • Translation • To verb • i.e. amare = to love • Most commonly used as a complementary infinitive which completes an incomplete verb like possum, debeo, or volo • Debemus amare nostras vicinas. We ought to love our neighbors.

8. Possible confusion with “re” • “ere” can be substituted for “erunt” in the perfect active tense • amaverunt = amavere • If the “ere” is attached to the third principal part of a verb, it is not an infinitive. • Remember that many third principal parts end with “u” or “v” or “s” or “x”; this will help you recognize this alternate form.

9. Present Passive Infinitives • Present passive infinitives are made from the present active infinitive (2nd principal part) • For most verbs, remove the final e and replace it with an i • Amare becomes amari • Videre becomes videri • Scire becomes sciri

10. 3rd conjugation present passive infinitives • For third conjugation (ere) and 3rd IO, (io,ere) remove the ere and add i • Emere becomes emi • Accipere becomes accipi

11. Perfect active Infinitives • Start with the third principal part • Remove the “i” • Add “isse” • amavisse • Translation : to have ________ • most commonly used in indirect statements • Scivit se interfecisse suum amicum • He knew that he had killed his friend

12. Perfect Passive Infinitives • Begin with the 4th principal part • Remove the “us” or “um” whichever is there. • You will have to adjust this part to agree with whoever is receiving the action; most commonly it will be accusative because of the indirect statement • UM/OS MASCULINE • AM/AS FEMININIE • UM/A NEUTER • Add “esse” as a separate part • amatam esse to have been loved • Most commonly used in indirect statement • Scivit suum amicum interfectum esse a se. • He knew that his friend had been killed by him.

13. Future Active Infinitive • Begin with the fourth principal part. • Remove the “us” and add”ur”; you will have to adjust this part to agree with whoever is doing the action. It will usually be accusative because of the indirect statement. • UM/OS MASCULINE • AM/AS FEMININE • UM/A NEUTER • Add “esse” as a separate part. • amaturam esse to be about to love • Translation “to be about to_________”

14. Formation Practice • Choose five infinitives from your vocabulary list and form the five infinitives with translation. You must choose at least one 2nd conjugation (ēre) and at least one 3rd conjugation (ere) verb.

15. Uses of the Infinitive Historical, subjective, objective, complementary, and the indirect statement

16. Historical infinitives • usually used for a series of actions • translated as an imperfect tense verb to show a continuous series • Example • Caesar circumvenire Gallos, obstare copias, et non sinere ullum exitus e castris. • Caesar was encircling the Gauls, blocking supplies, and not allowing any exit from the camp.

17. Subjective Infinitives • functions as the subject of the sentence • grammatically treated as a neuter singular noun • in English can be translated as a gerund or an infinitive • Example • Regere aeque est difficillima res. • To rule fairly is a most difficult thing.

18. Objective Infinitives • functions like a direct object • most commonly used with iubeo, iubēre, iussi, iussus (to order) • treated like a neuter noun • example • Marius iubet milites oppugnare Sullam • Marius orders the soldiers to attack Sulla.

19. Complementary Infinitives • complete the meaning of an incomplete verb • most commonly used with a form of possum, debeo, paro, coepit, volo, nolo, cupio, incipio, necesse est, prohibeo and many other verbs that leave the reader hanging as to what is happening • Example • Caesar poterat vincire Galliam. • Caesar was able to conquer Gaul.

20. The Indirect Statement • used to report a statement • follows a verb of mental action such as saying, thinking, understanding, knowing, perceiving, et al. • subject of the indirect statement will used the accusative • verb of the indirect statement will be an infinitive • example • Scio Caesarem mortuus esse. • I know that Caesar is dead.

21. The Infinitive of the Indirect Statement • The choice of the tense of the infinitive is relative to the main verb • same time = present • before = perfect • after = future • The first part of the perfect passive and future active infinitive will be in the accusative and will agree with the accusative subject.

22. Examples • scio Caesarem pugnare in Galliā. • I know that Caesar is fighting in Gaul. • same time • Scio Caesarem pugnavisse in Galliā. • .I know that Caesar was fighting in Gaul. • before • Scio Caesarem pungaturum esse in Galliā • I know that Caesar will fight in Gaul. • after

23. Indirect Statement issues • The subject cannot be left understood; the accusative noun must be there. • If the subject of the indirect statement is the same as the main clause, you will use the reflexive pronoun. • example • Caesar scivit se debere non ferre Cleopatram Romam. • Caesar knew that he ought not to bring Cleopatra to Rome • debere is the indirect statemnent; ferre in complmentary, se is the subject accusative reflexive.

24. Infinitives Issue #2 • A LATIN infinitive cannot ever be used to show purpose. To show purpose, you must use a subjunctive or a gerund/gerundive. • Example • Caesar went to Gaul to make his reputation • Caesar ivit ad Galliam facere famam. WRONG • Caesar ivit ad Galliam ut faceret famam. right

25. Activity • Based on your notes about the Late Republic and your vocabulary list, write ten English sentences that would be translated using infinitives. You must have at least one example of each type.

26. Make the infinitive chart for regno, regnare, regnavi, regnatum rule

27. Make the infinitive chart for duco, ducere, duxi, ductus

28. Application: Using the chart you made, write the correct form of the infinitive for each sentence. • 1. Tiberius Gracchus thought the senators had ruled long enough. • 2. Gaius Gracchus believed that the senators were not ruling fairly. • 3. Marius thought that he would rule well. • 4. Sulla thought that he would rule better. • 5. The Romans learned that Marius and Sulla were leading the country to civil war.

29. 6. Caesar’s soldiers knew that he led from the front. • 7. Caesar’s men felt that Caesar was leading them to victory. • 8. Pompey’s men felt that he had led them well. • 9. Pompey knew that Caesar was leading his soldiers in Gaul very well. • 10. Pompey suspected that Caesar would lead his troops against him.

30. Translate the subject accusatives for the previous sentences. • 1. 8. • 2. 9. • 3. 10. • 4. • 5. • 6. • 7.

31. Ancient Rome How a small group of very well-organized people ran the Western World for over 700 years and influenced even America

32. Unit Objectives • Establish the chronology of Ancient Rome • Analyze the geographical extent and impact of the Romans • Trace the rise of Rome from city to superpower and the cause and effect of the Punic Wars

33. Examine the causes and individuals involved in the fall of the Republic and compare to USA • Identify the characteristics of Imperial Rome from the rise of Augustus through the fall

34. Analyze the role of entertainment in Roman culture • Trace the development of Christianity, its impact on Rome, and Rome’s impact of Christianity

35. Chronology of Ancient Rome • Three time periods • 753-509 BCE The Monarchy • Rome was ruled by 7 kings beginning with Romulus and ending with Tarquinius Superbus • 509 BCE- 31 BCE The Republic • Rome was ruled by the Senate who was elected by the people • 31 BCE – AD 476 The Empire • Rome was ruled by emperors

37. The Punic Wars: Dido’s Curse How Rome went from a small city on seven hills to the Mediterranean superpower

38. “War is the crucible of mankind.” • War is always bad but can bring about good things. • forces change and speeds up development because of the life or death struggle • forces people to find their leadership abilities • development of weapons often leads to technology then used for peacetime

39. WAR • speeds up development of medical care for treatment of wounds and infectious diseases • forges close friendships between soldiers and those not fighting because of shared struggles and the intensity of the experience • exposes people to new ideas from other cultures

40. The Downside of war • widespread death and destruction • extreme violence and hatred • torture and inhumane acts • some soldiers permanently psychologically damaged; all soldiers are changed by combat

41. Roman Army • Rome became the ruler of the Mediterranean World because their army was so much better than everybody else. • better weapons, training, organization, technology • to be successful in politics, you had to have military experience • Roman army spread Roman culture and language • The Punic Wars developed the Roman army into the impressive fighting force it would become.

42. The First Punic War 264-241 Roman ingenuity and tenacity triumphs over Carthage

43. First Punic War • Carthage and Rome both want to control trade in the Mediterranean • conflict starts over who will control island of Sicily • Carthage naval power, Rome land power • Rome had no real navy and losing on the sea

44. First Punic War • Carthaginian boat washed up on Roman shore • Romans took it apart, used it as a model to build their own ships • quickly built huge fleet • Romans as land army trained for hand to hand combat • invented the Crow = little drawbridge with spike on the end shaped like a crow’s beak • holds the ships together • Rome defeats Carthage, takes over Sicily, and makes Carthage pay reparations ( huge fine to pay for war)

45. Second Punic War 218-201 BC A tale of two boys and some elephants

46. Second Punic War • After defeat in first war, Carthage still powerful and now hated Rome • Hannibal, son of a Carthaginian general, made to swear as a little boy that he would always hate the Romans • constantly reminded by his father • Family moved to New Carthage, a colony on Spain where his father died • at age 26 Hannibal became general

47. Second Punic War • Treaty from first war breaks down when Hannibal invades towns in Spain • Hannibal leads marches toward Rome with 100,000 men and 36 elephants • Why bring elephants? • marches over the Alps which no one expected • Why?

48. Second Punic War • The Bad Battles • Trasimene: Hannibal trapped Romans between lake and hill in the fog; Romans lost over 20,000 men • Cannae: 40,000 Romans killed in one day • Romans just kept building another army • Fabius the Delayer avoided battle with Hannibal • fought by constantly harassing Hannibal’s troops from sides and rear • Romans embarrassed but needed to train new armies

49. Second Punic War • Hannibal can’t get Romans to come out and fight another big battle • Why? • stays in Italy nearly 20 years • Romans are afraid of him • Hannibal at the Gates becomes statement meaning that disaster is coming • Roman mothers would threaten their children with “Hannibal will get you”

50. Second Punic War • Earlier in the war in Spain, a young man named Scipio had rescued his own father in battle • Scipio only 18, could easily have been killed • Fought with Roman army against Hannibal from very beginning • watched Hannibal and analyzed his techniques • eventually he becomes Roman general