Fungi

1. Fungi By: Bryan, Catherine, Lauren, Sarika, and Leonard

2. What is a Fungi? • Fungi are not plants • Do not photosynthesize • Roots of Fungi are Mycelium, act differently • Cell walls are different (see chitin) • Fungi have ether one large cell with many nuclei or chain of cells • Mainly decomposers and sometimes Pathogens

3. What is a Fungi? (continued) Different shapes- • Primitive Fungi-smallest & simplest, mostly aquatic and parasitic • Sac fungi-Yeast, mostly grown for eating and makes antibiotics • Bread mold-seen on spoiled foods, some ferment foods • Club fungi-includes rust (fungi) and mushrooms, decomposers and parasites to plants

4. Evolution • Fungi’s cell wall are made of chitin, found in shells of insects • Since Fungi are mostly not autotrophic- • Hyphae acids and enzymes break the surrounding organic material down molecules they can easily absorb • Fungi have adapted to fight predators and develop poison acids

5. Fungi life cycle

6. Parts of Fungi • Cap-top • Scales-surface of Cap • Gills-underside of cap • Ring-skirt of tissue, circling stem • Cup-base of fruiting body

7. Fly Agaric • Cell wall is made up of chitin and glucans • Scientific name- Amanita muscaria • Structure and Function- fungal cells contain mitochondria and a complex system of internal membranes • Cells- eukaryotic and multicellular • Energy- autotroph • Environment- warm temperatures lots of rain, grow in the ground and on trees such as pine and spruce -Niche- recreational and religious uses related to its hallucinogenic -Movement- none • Reproduction-sexually • Interesting Fact/trait-most attractive mushroom, very vibrant colors

8. Death Cap Mushroom Scientific Name- Amanita phalloides Cells- Multicellular and Eukaryotic, it has a cell membrane called the chitin. Structure and Function- fruiting body with a cap usually about 5 to 15 cm across. The cap is usually tan, light yellow, or pale olive color and is very sticky to touchs. Also covered in a layer of tissue called the universal veil. Energy-heterotrophic-decomposer. Environment- The Death cap has a symbiotic relationship with many different types of conifer and hardwood trees. Niche- decomposes dead and old organisms in its environment. Movement-none

9. Death Cap Mushroom Reproduction- Death Cap mushrooms produce asexually by sending spores up out of the ground. The spores divide many many times until plenty of offspring are produced. A combination of spores and hyphae are sent up from the mycelium out of the ground like seeds to decompose the environment around them. Evolution (what makes it unique)- It has developed the adaptation to be poisonous and could possibly kill. Interesting Fact/trait- It is highly toxic and eating just half of its cap could kill a human

10. Bitter Oyster Scientific name-Panellus Stipticus Cells- Multicellular. Eukaryotic. It has a cell wall that is made up of mostly chitin and other polysaccharides. Structure and Function- the action of luciferases, enzymes that produce light by the oxidation of a luciferin. This allows the fungi to give off a bioluminescence from the fruiting body. Energy- it is a decomposer, and gets its energy from breaking down organic material. it is Heterotrophic. Environment-Saprobic on the wood of hardwoods; usually growing in shelving clusters; spring through fall Niche-To attract arthropods to the fruiting body. Also to attract animals that can potentially carry fungal spores in well hydrated areas. Movement- None. Reproduction- It reproduces sexually. For the First 6-10 days the fungi doesn’t glow. the next 3-5 it starts to glow rapidly, then suddenly declines in luminance. Finally, to reproduce there is a sudden glow signaling for reproduction. Interesting Fact/trait- This species glows in the dark, bioluminescence.

11. Boreal Felt Lichen • Scientific name-Erioderma pedicellatum • Cells- Multicellular, Eukaryotic Structure-flatten, olive green colored Function- Camouflage with tree, avoiding predators • Energy- Heterotrophic • Environment- cool and moist forests, grows on the trunks of balsam fir • Symbiotic relationship- cyanobacteria/algae (sugar for a home) • Movement-none • Niche-Mutualist, lives off cyanobacteria • Reproduction-spores-sexual • Interesting Fact- Listed as critically endangered, due to sensitivity to pollution and logging

12. Pig’s Ear Scientific name- Gomphus clavatus Cells-Multicellular, eukaryotic, Energy- heterotrophic Environment-Forests composed of fir, spruce, or beech Niche- mycorrhizal relationship with trees such as fir, spruce, and beech Movement-none Reproduction- sexual Structure: it has a funnel shape which resembles a pigs ear Interesting Fact/trait- it is violet, fading to yellowish-brown over time

13. Vocab words Universal Veil-a temporary tissue that envelops immature fruiting bodies Chitin- a tough polysaccharide cellulose that makes the cell wall of Fungi-this polysaccharide are found in shells of insect, not in plants Hyphae- the long strands that make up fungi Mycelium- underground network of Hyphae Fruiting body-reproductive body of the fungi that grows above ground Sporangia- spore forming structure Mycorrhizae- mutualistic partnership between fungi and the roots of plants, fungi take inorganic nitrogen from soil and converts for plants

14. Sources Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria). (n.d.). Fly agaric videos, photos and facts. Retrieved April 16, 2014, from http://www.arkive.org/fly-agaric/amanita-muscaria/ OpenStax College. (2013, April 29). Characteristics of Fungi. Retrieved from the OpenStax_CNX Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m44622/1.7/ Boyd, B. B. (n.d.). Six Kingdoms booklet. Simplebooklet. Retrieved April 16, 2014, from http://simplebooklet.com/publish.php?wpKey=zJH0rxyv76RtNoYkhkQrg4# Fly Agaric (Amanita Muscaria) - Biology B Final Project. (2010, March 20). Fly Agaric (Amanita Muscaria) - Biology B Final Project. Retrieved April 16, 2014, from https://sites.google.com/site/biologybfinalproject/fungi/fly-agaric-aminita-muscaria Spooner, B. S. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria (fly agaric). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved April 16, 2014, from http://www.kew.org/scienc Peddie, C. (n.d.). Deadly Death Cap mushroom found in Adelaide . The Advertiser News. Retrieved , from http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/deadly-mushroom-found-in-adelaide/story-e6freol3-1111116942417 Maass, W. and D. Yetman. 2002. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the boreal felt lichen Erioderma pedicellatum in Canada, in COSEWIC assessment and status report on the boreal felt lichen Erioderma pedicellatum in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1- 50 pp Pitocchelli, J. (2001, January 1). Survey of Biodiversity - Fungi. Survey of Biodiversity - Fungi. Retrieved January 1, 2014, from http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbi101/diversity3_Fungi.html Erioderma Pedicelatum. (n.d.). Photo Gallery Erioderma Pedicelatum. Retrieved April 16, 2014, from http://www.nhm2.uio.no/botanisk/lav/Photo_Gallery/Erioderma/pedicellatum_G=Canada+Newfoundland_D=200408_O=Rolstad_C=ER_I=17.jpg Pig's ear (Gomphus clavatus). (n.d.). Arkive. Retrieved April 16, 2014, from http://www.arkive.org/pigs-ear/gomphus-clavatus/ Pig's Ear. (2001, January 1). Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved April 16, 2014, from http://eol.org/pages/195238/overview Coila, B. (n.d.). The Reproductive Life Cycle of a Mushroom. Suite. Retrieved , from https://suite.io/bridget-coila/1qbj274 http://www.mykoweb.com/photos/large/Gomphus_clavatus(mgw-01).jpg Kuo, M. (2007, April). Panellus stipticus. Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/panellus_stipticus.html Nowicki, S. (2012). Protist and Fungi. Holt McDougal biology (Student ed., ). Orlando, Florida: Holt McDougal.

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