U.S. History 1301

1. U.S. History 1301 Unit 1

2. Where to begin? • < 1000 A.D. - The slow collapse of the Roman Empire • As Rome collapses, a power vacuum forms in Europe • Threats from Vikings and other barbarian tribes force people to seek protection • This leads to…

3. Feudalism • Vassals are protected by their lords whom they have to fight for • Leads to the creation of local kingdoms loosely allied as nations • Supports the building of castles for defense • Also leads to the system of…

4. Nobility • Sharp distinction between nobles and peasants • Nobles: • Lords, ladies, dukes, duchesses, counts, barons, etc. • Kings were the most powerful of the noble class • Passed on by birth line • Only way to be noble is to be born noble • Peasants: • Everyone else – 90% of the population

5. Sources of power for the nobles • Titular power from the Church • Effective power from wealth • Wealth comes from… • LAND! • The feudal economy is based on agriculture • Nobles own the land, which means they own everything produced on it • Peasants are required to work, and are allowed to keep a portion of what they make

6. Land = Money = Power

7. Land = Money = Power • This is the paradigm for this course, know this formula! • This formula no longer applies today… why? • The Industrial Revolution has rendered this obsolete… • But that’s 1302

8. One other class • The Church • In all of Europe until 1054 A.D. this is simply the Catholic Church • Post 1054 A.D. • Roman Catholic Church in the West • Eastern Orthodox Church in the East

9. Church Power • Church has immense power • Partly this is because of… • QUIZ! • Land ownership! • Also, the Church holds the eternal destiny of everyone in Europe in their hands

10. Church Power • Most importantly, the Church is the kingmaker • Nobility and kingship is conferred by the Church • Who crowns the king at the coronation? • Some representative of the church! • From God, through the Church, to the king • The term for this is…

11. Divine Right • Romans 13 • 1 Every person is to be in subjection to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those which exist are established by God. 2 Therefore whoever resists authority has opposed the ordinance of God; and they who have opposed will receive condemnation upon themselves. 3 For rulers are not a cause of fear for good behavior, but for evil. Do you want to have no fear of authority? Do what is good and you will have praise from the same; 4 for it is a minister of God to you for good. But if you do what is evil, be afraid; for it does not bear the sword for nothing; for it is a minister of God, an avenger who brings wrath on the one who practices evil. 5 Therefore it is necessary to be in subjection, not only because of wrath, but also for conscience’ sake. 6 For because of this you also pay taxes, for rulers are servants of God, devoting themselves to this very thing. 7 Render to all what is due them: tax to whom tax is due; custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honor to whom honor.

12. What this means

13. Consequences • Practically, this gave the peasants no power • Technically not slaves, but very few rights • Nobles were considered a different breed, literally • No mobility between classes • No ability of peasants to rebel without risking eternal damnation

14. Napoleon Bonaparte • Rose to power in France following the French Revolution • Of minor nobility, but very little wealth • After early victories becomes the dictator of France • In 1804 he desires to become king and emperor…

15. The Coronation

16. The Crusades • In 1099 A.D. Crusaders sacked Jerusalem • Despite the temporary success, the Crusades were a disaster for the Europeans • Most who went on the Crusades never returned • Two major effects of the Crusades • Consolidation of power for the remaining nobles • Discovery of new trade goods from the Far East

17. The Problem • Trade with the Far East was difficult • Two routes of trade • Over land via the Silk Road from China to the Middle East • Over sea by sailing around the continent of Africa • Both took a long time, were expensive, and were dangerous

18. The Solution? • Europeans begin looking for a new way to trade with the Far East • This leads to… • Columbus! • Sails west to get to the east • Leaves Spain in 1492 on an experimental voyage • Why 1492?

19. The Reconquista • In 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella finally defeated Muslim occupants of the Iberian Peninsula • Spanish power was consolidated, and land was seized by the monarchy from the Muslim and Jewish populations • Land = ? • Spain now has money to burn on crazy Italian sailors

20. Spain and the Church • Ferdinand and Isabella are devoutly Catholic, even prior to the Reformation • Spain is one of the biggest supporters of the Pope and the Church • Columbus is charged with spreading Christianity in whatever lands he reaches • In order to prevent conflict between two Catholic nations, Spain and Portugal…

21. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

22. Spanish Exploration • Spain sent explorers • Conquistadors • Three goals: • God • Glory • Gold

23. The Spanish Empire by 1800

24. Interaction with Native Americans • Native Americans were a mix of advanced civilizations and barbarians • Advanced Native American civilizations: • Maya • Aztec • Inca • Iroquois

25. The Columbian Exchange • A BIOLOGICAL exchange • Plants: • To Europe: Potatoes, corn, tomatoes, pumpkins, rubber, tobacco • To America: Wheat, coffee, tea, rice • Animals: • To Europe: Turkey • To America: Horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, chicken, bees, geese, cockroaches

26. The Columbian Exchange • Disease • To America: Smallpox, malaria, measels, bubonic plague, cholera, influenza, scarlet fever, yellow fever, typhoid, typhus, leprosy • To Europe: Syphilis • Disease wiped out up to 90% of the Native American population • Over 20 million killed in Mexico alone

27. Spain Prospers • Between the Columbian Exchange, the lands gained, and the treasure from conquered civilizations Spain gains an enormous amount of wealth • Other European countries want in on the action • Spain has established an…

28. Empire! • Callon’s definition… • Empire: One group exerting political, economic, or military control over another • Two reasons for an empire: • Barbarian hordes who have nothing better to do • To make money

29. Trade = Money

30. Trade • Trade takes something that is less valuable and turns it into something more valuable • Remember, trade was the reason for Columbus • Hence, generation of wealth • Provides an alternative to LAND = MONEY = POWER, but only slightly at first • Allows for the development of the middle class • Distinctions between nobility and peasant slowly begin to break down

31. Empires and Trade • Empires are all about trade • What makes for a successful empire? • Colonies • Provide resources • Provide a market for goods • Strong Navy • Whoever has the strongest navy has the strongest empire

32. One missing ingredient • There was one problem in the New World • Great climate for crops, plenty of land to grow them on • What was missing? • A source of labor • Indians died too easily or ran away • The solution?

33. Importation from Africa • The slave trade in Africa was millennia old • Europeans exploited an expanded this system, but slavery was never popular in Europe itself • The New World provided a new market for slaves

34. Triangular Trade

35. The Middle Passage • The route of slave ships from Africa to the New World • Estimated 10 million slaves imported to the New World • Between 2 and 4 million killed as a result

36. The Middle Passage

37. The Protestant Reformation • During the 1400’s the Church became increasingly corrupt • A monk named Martin Luther grew disgusted with the abuses • In 1517 Luther nailed 95 theses to the door of the Wittenberg Church in Germany • Not a deliberate attempt to split the church • This was an effort at reform

38. The Protestant Reformation • Quickly spread across Europe • Divided regions and entire countries • Often more political than religious • Or other reasons…

39. King Henry VIII

40. The Church of England • The official church in England • The head of the church was the king • Little different that Catholicism at first • Unfortunately…

41. Bloody Mary • King Henry has no surviving male heir • His crown goes to Mary Tudor, daughter of Catherine • A devout Catholic who tries to force England back to the Church earning her nickname

42. Queen Elizabeth • Mary was deposed and Elizabeth made queen • Brings balance to the Church of England • Leads England through a golden age

43. The Turning Point • In 1492 Spain had the strongest navy • This changed under Elizabeth with the Defeat of the Spanish Armada • Spain attempts a massive invasion of heretical England • Bad weather destroys virtually the entire fleet • 1588 marks the turning point of power in Europe from Spain to England

44. England Looks Outward • After witnessing the success of the Spanish, England looks to establish colonies in the New World • The first attempt at a colony was at Roanoke, 1587 • The entire colony disappeared without a trace • The second attempt was better…

45. Jamestown • The first permanent English settlement, 1607 • A for-profit colony funded by the Virginia Company • This was a join-stock company, funded by a group of investors • The key figure was John Smith • Short-lived peace with Indians • Colony barely survived, until…

46. Tobacco • The first cash crop in the English colonies • Allowed the development of plantation society • Deliberate attempt to re-establish the feudal system • With large farms came the need for workers • Two options: • Indentured Servants • Slaves

47. Plymouth • Second major colony established in 1620 • Established by Puritans fleeing religious persecution • Also barely survived the first years • Ultimately Puritans flourished • Established a precedent for other persecuted groups

48. Massachusetts Bay • Founded by Puritans • Key figures were John Winthrop and Roger Williams • Winthrop a devout Puritan • Wanted to create “a city on a hill” • Williams differed on Puritan restrictions • Left Massachusetts because of his ideas • Founded Rhode Island specifically for freedom of religion

49. Other colonies soon follow • Pennsylvania – Quakers • Maryland – Catholics • Georgia – Convicts

50. British colonies prosper • Northern colonies focus on trade and manufacturing • Southern colonies focus on agriculture • Colonies largely ruled themselves • Huge population growth • High education levels • Strong religious movements • The Great Awakening