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Isms Study like you mean it!!!!!!!!
Positivism • A theory that rejects old ways of thinking – in terms of religion, fairy tales, and other beliefs that people have without evidence; and replaces it with a trust in ‘positive’ knowledge – that is, information taken from scientific observation and experimentation.
Methodism • A religious movement started by John Wesley in England. It was a response to corruption in the Church of England. It rejected Calvin’s idea of predestination (that people could not achieve salvation because God had already elected who was saved), and instead taught that ANY person could achieve salvation if they looked for it with all of their heart.
Neoclassicism • A revival of ‘classical’ Greek and Roman opinions, attitudes, and ideas – specifically, reason, form, and restraint in literature and speech.
Realism • An artistic style during the Renaissance that rejected abstraction and idealization of the human form, in favor of realistic representation of the human body.
J A N S E N I S M • Within Roman Catholicism, a religious movement that appeared chiefly in France, the Low Countries, and Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. It believed that God had already pre-destined the elect.
ANARCHISM A political theory that the government should be abolished resulting in absolute individual liberty.
Socialism a political movement in opposition to the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society; worked towards cooperation and a sense of community, the key ideas were planning, greater economic equality and state regulation of property.
Communism A theoretical economic system characterized by the collective ownership of property and by the organization of labor for the common advantage of all members.
Liberalism A philosophy committed to the ideal of limited government, constitutionalism, rule of law, due process, and liberty of individuals including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free markets
Absolutism • Absolutism: a government form that features one powerful rule, who claims absolute control over their domain.
Enlightenment • Enlightenment: the spread of secular, rational thinking. It featured the belief that man could effectively solve problems, and that civilization was progressing.
Despotism • Despotism: another term for rule by one person; often used as a pejorative to indicate the negative effects of rule by one all- powerful person.
German Pietism • Originally a German Lutheran religious movement of the 17th and 18th centuries. Pietism emphasized heart felt religious devotion, ethical purity (moral principals; right and wrong), and charitable activity.
Jingoism • The spirit, policy, or practice of a jingo which is a person who declares his or her patriotism loudly.. They believed that their country was the best and often showed enthusiasm for the wars to support their country against another country.
Old Imperialism • the colonialism widespread in the sixteenth century when powers like Great Britain, France, Spain began expanding their empires through war and conquest. They took away peoples land by using military force – mainly in the Americas.
new IMPERIALISM • The new imperialism took place between 1870 and 1914. Like the old imperialism, its main aim was to conquer and control, rather than establish trading relations.
capitalism • Capitalism is an economic system featuring competitive markets, without or limited interference from the govt. • you are free to earn and gain as much as possible • Capital itself refers to any asset that can be traded for other assets, or valuables.
Pluralism Pluralism- the holding of two or more offices at the same time. Example: During the catholic reformation The Cardinals would usually have more that one office in church.
Nepotism Nepotism- The favoring relatives by giving them jobs. Favoritism (as in appointment to a job) based on kinship. Getting a job from a family or a relative
absenteesism Absenteeism- the practice of holding an office in the Catholic Church, while not actually attending to it, or being present at the actual site of the office.
secularism Secularism- The rejection of religion; no religion belief.
Bullionism • an economic theory that defines wealth by the amount of precious metals owned.
Mercantilism • an economic system focused on increasing a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests.
Serfdom • The system wherein a serf, or a member of the lowest feudal class, is attached to the land owned by a lord and required to perform labor in return for certain legal or customary rights.
Federalism • A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units.
Heliocentrism Definition: A model in which the sun is the center of the universe; with all the planets including the Earth revolting around the sun. This contradicted Aristotle’s belief of the Earth being the center of the universe.
Empiricism The theory that all knowledge is learned from experience.
Rationalism Definition: The belief that reason provides the primary basics of knowledge rather that experience .
Deism The view that there is a supreme being; however, it put man on Earth and left it to themselves.
Is the limitation of government by law Also implies a balance between the authority and power of the government
Romanticism was characterized by a belief in emotional energy, uncontrolled imagination, and inspiration in both are and personal life.
A political movement that advocates the idea of a STRONG and CENTRALIZED state, based on a popular support of a strong man. People who aimed to restore the French Empire under the House of Bonaparte
A working class movement for political reform in Britain between 1838 & 1848 the principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who supported better social and economic conditionsfor working people
Feudalism • Social system in which Lords held pieces of land from the king in exchange for their allegiance and assistance during battle. • The peasants lived on lords land and give him labor in exchange for military protection.
Humanism The return to favor of the pagan classics which stimulated the philosophy of secularism, the appreciation of worldly pleasures, and above all intensified the assertion of personal independence and individual expression. Zeal for the classics was a result as well as a cause of the growing secular view of life. Expansion of trade, growth of prosperity and luxury, and widening social contacts generated interest in worldly pleasures, in spite of formal allegiance to ascetic Christian doctrine.
Scholasticism • The system of the study of knowledge, reality, and existence taught in medieval universities • Based on the philosophy of Aristotles logic and the writing of the early church leaders
Presbyterianism • form of christian church based on the administration by ranked courts composed of the clergy and others. It is between episcopacy(government of a church by bishops) and congregationalism( churches self governing). For the most part Presbyterianism has the same beliefs as Calvinism. It is believed that the bible is the rule, discipline, and faith of the government. They do not think that state interference within church affairs is right.
Arminianism • a way of thought that was based on the teachings of a Dutch theologian, Jacob Arminius. It is more commonly found in Methodist(Protestant Christianity Movements) areas. It is in some way alike, but different from Calvinism( belief of justification by faith alone and emphasizes the grace of God and the belief of predestination-life being set before it happens.) Although both of these appeal to religion they still differ, mostly in parts of the ideas of election and predestination. Thoughts of preventing grace suggested that people let happen to them what they let happen. For example someone can be saved or not be saved it all depends on the person.
Nationalism • Is a sense of loyalty to a community based on a common/shared set of ideas, language, beliefs which promotes pride and competitiveness.
Imperialism • A right to extend a country’s power or political influence through military force (war) or international relations.
Urbanization • The act of urbanizing or having a community become more of a city or small town. The urbanization of society was a result of the Industrial Revolution
Autocracy • A system of government by one person with absolute power.
Orthodoxy • Authorized or generally accepted theory, doctrine, or practice • This term can be used in religion to describe a particularly strict form: Orthodox Judaism, for example. • The Orthodox Church - A Christian church or federation of churches originating in the Greek-speaking church of the Byzantine Empire, not accepting the authority of the pope in Rome, and using ancient forms of service
Russification • A process of changing the national identity of non-Russians to an identity culturally similar to that of the Russians.
Conservatism • a political philosophy emphasizing the need for the principles of natural law and transcendent moral order, tradition, hierarchy and organic unity, agrarianism, classicism, and monarchy. • Often labeled "reactionary" and "counterrevolutionary” after the 19th century.
Cubism • An early 20th-century style and movement in art, especially painting, in which perspective with a single viewpoint was abandoned and use was made of simple geometric shapes, interlocking planes, and, later, collage
Expressionism • An art movement early in the 20th century; the artist's subjective expression of inner experiences was emphasized; an inner feeling was expressed through a distorted rendition of reality
Subjectivity • Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions.
Impressionism • A style or movement in painting originating in France in the 1860s, characterized by a concern with depicting the visual impression of the moment, esp. in terms of the shifting effect of light and color
