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G. Naga Raju M.Tech , M.Pharm ., Assistant Professor, CIPS

Explore the detailed synthesis, assay methods, and versatile applications of salicylic acid, aspirin, methyl salicylate, glyceryl trinitrate, and urea in various fields.

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G. Naga Raju M.Tech , M.Pharm ., Assistant Professor, CIPS

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  1. Study of official compounds G. Naga RajuM.Tech, M.Pharm., Assistant Professor, CIPS

  2. SALICYLIC ACID • FORMULA : C7H6O3 • Mol. Wt. :138.1 • PREPARATION • Treatment of Sod. Phenoxide with CO2 at 1250 C under 6 atm of pressure followed by acid hydrolysis.

  3. ASSAY : • Weigh accurately about 0.3 g • Dissolve in 50 ml of ethanol (95 per cent), add 20 ml of water and titrate with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide, using phenol red solution as indicator, until a reddish violet colour is obtained. • 1 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 0.01381 g of C7H6O3. • USES : • Antiseptic • Disinfectant • Bactericidal • Food preservative

  4. ASPIRIN • FORMULA : C9H8O4 • Mol. Wt. : 180.2 • PREPARATION: • Prepared by heating salicylic acid with acetyl chlorine in the presence of phosphoric acid [only OH group is involved].

  5. ASSAY : • Weigh accurately about 1.5 g, dissolve in 15 ml of ethanol (95%), add 50.0 ml of 0.5 M NaOH, boil gently for 10 minutes, cool and titrate the excess of alkali with 0.5 M HCl using phenol red solution as indicator. • Repeat the operation without the substance under examination. • The difference between the titrations represents the amount of sodium hydroxide required. • 1 ml of 0.5 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 0.04504 g of C9H8O4 .

  6. USES : • Mild to moderate pain – muscle aches, common cold, and headaches • Fever • Swelling and inflammation – arthritis • Heart attacks and strokes • After surgery • Cancer prevention

  7. METHYL SALICYLATE • FORMULA : C8H8O3 • Mol. Wt. :152.2 • PREPARATION : • Prepared by esterfying salicylic acid with methanol in presence of H2SO4

  8. ASSAY : • Weigh accurately about 0.5 g, dissolve in 25 ml of ethanol (95%), add 0.05 ml of phenol red solution and neutralise with 0.1 M NaOH. • Add 50.0 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and heat under a reflux condenser on a water-bath for 30 minutes. • Cool and titrate with 0.1 M HCl. • Carry out a blank titration. • 1 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 0.01522 g of C8H8O3 .

  9. USES : • At high concentrations • Rubefacient • Analgesic (liniments)to treat joint and muscular pain. • low concentrations (0.04% and under) • flavoring agent in chewing gum and mints.

  10. GLYCERYL TRINITRATE • FORMULA : C3H5N3O9 • Mol. Wt. : 227 • PREPARATION : • Prepared by slowly adding glycerol to an ice cooled mixture of conc. H2SO4 and conc. HNO3 . • The solution is cautiously run into ice cold water, the nitroglycerine then separates as a heavy oil which is purified by repeated washing with cold water.

  11. ASSAY : • Weigh accurately a quantity of the powder containing about 1 mg of glyceryl trinitrate, add 5 ml of a 90% v/v solution of glacial acetic acid, shake for 1 hour and centrifuge. • To 1.0 ml of resulting solution add 2 ml of phenoldisulphonic acid solution, mix and allow to stand for 15 minutes. • Add 8 ml of water, mix well, allow to cool and add slowly, with swirling, 10 ml of strong ammonia solution. • Cool and dilute to 20.0 ml with water. • Measure the absorbance of the resulting solution at about 405 nm , using the blank.

  12. Dissolve 0.1335 g of potassium nitrate previously dried at 1050 C in water to produce 50.0 ml; to 10.0 ml add sufficient glacial acetic acid to produce 100.0 ml. • Using 1.0 ml of this solution, repeat the procedure • Calculate the content of C3H5N3O9. from the values of the absorbances so obtained. • 1 ml of the potassium nitrate solution is equivalent to 0.0002 g of C3H5N3O9. • USES :: • Angina (sudden pains in the chest) • Acute myocardial infarction • severe hypertension

  13. coronary artery spasms • heart surgery • It is also used as a rectal ointment to relieve the pain from anal fissures

  14. UREA • FORMULA : CH4N2O • Mol. Wt. : 60.1 • PREPARATION : To evaporate solution of ammonium cynate to dryness (Wohler) about 95% NH4CN becomes converted into urea by reversible isomeric change. NH4COCN CO(NH2)2 It is also synthesised by interaction of ammonia with carbonyl chloride

  15. ASSAY : • Weigh accurately about 0.5 g, dissolve in sufficient of a 10% v/v solution of H2SO4 to produce 100.0 ml and mix. • Place 5.0 ml of the resulting solution in a long-necked flask, add 10 ml of H2SO4 and heat gently until evolution of gas ceases. • Boil gently for 10 minutes, cool, cautiously add 40 ml of water, cool again and place in a steam distillation apparatus. • Add 50 ml of 10 M NaOH and distil immediately by passing steam through the mixture. • Continue the distillation for 1 hour, collecting the distillate in 40 ml of a 4% w/v solution of boric acid.

  16. Titrate with 0.1 M HCl, using 0.25 ml of methyl red- methylene blue solution as indicator. • Carry out a blank titration. • 1 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid is equivalent to 0.003003 g of CH4N2O. • USES : • Agriculture •  Chemical industry • Explosive •  Automobile systems • Laboratory uses • Medical use •  Analysis

  17. VANILLIN • FORMULA : C8H8O3 • Mol. Wt. : 152.2 • PREPARATION : • Synthetically from guaicol by remier – tiemann reaction. • It is also prepared by eugenol. • Compound is first isomerised by the alkali to isoeugenol and later subjected to controlled oxidation.

  18. ASSAY : • Weigh accurately about 0.12 g, dissolve in 20 ml of ethanol (95%), add 60 ml of carbon dioxide-free water. • Titrate with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide, determining the endpoint potentiometrically. • 1 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 0.01521 g of C8H8O3. • USES : • Flavoring agent (ice cream and chocolate) • Also used in perfumes, and to mask unpleasant odors or tastes in medicines, and cleaning products

  19. Ethylene diaminedihydrate • FORMULA : C2H4(NH2)2 • Mol. Wt. : 60.09832 g/mol • PREPARATION : Ethylenediamine is manufactured industrially from 1,2-dichloroethane and ammonia under pressure at 180°C in an aqueous medium. • In this reaction hydrogen chloride is generated, which forms a salt with the amine. The amine is liberated by addition of sodium hydroxide and can then be recovered by rectification. Diethylenetriamine (DETA) and triethylenetetramine(TETA) are formed as by-products.

  20. Another industrial route to ethylenediamine involves the reaction ofethanolamine and ammonia. • This process involves passing the gaseous reactants over a bed of nickelheterogeneous catalysts. • This colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor is a strongly basic amine.

  21. ASSAY : By titration with N/1 HCl to the bromophenol blue indicator, this indicates the formation of the dihydrochloric acid. USES : Ethylenediamine is a Standardized Chemical Allergen. The physiologic effect of ethylenediamine is by means of Increased Histamine Release and Cell-mediated Immunity.

  22. Paraldehyde • FORMULA : C6H12O3 • Mol. Wt. : 132.16  • Paraldehyde is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-trioxane, the cyclic trimer of acetaldehyde. • PREPARATION : When acetaldehyde is treated with a small amount of conc. H2SO4 of room temperature  a cyclic trimer   paraldehyde is formed.

  23. Uses: • It may contain a suitable amount of antioxidant . • Sedative and hypnotic • Obstetric analgesic • It has been used in the treatment of convulsions. • It is used as a used as a solvent for fats, oils, waxes, rubber and resins, as a substitute for acetaldehyde and as an intermediate for organic chemicals, dyestuffs, accelerators for vulcanizations, rubber oxidants, etc. 

  24. ETHYLENE CHLORIDE • FORMULA :C2H4Cl2 • Mol. Wt. :98.95 • Preparation : Nearly 20 million tons of 1,2-dichloroethane are produced in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. Production is primarily achieved through the iron(III) chloride-catalyzed reaction of ethene (ethylene) and chlorine. H2C=CH2 + Cl2 → ClCH2-CH2Cl

  25. ASSAY : Introduce about 1.5mLof cold Ethylene Chloride into a tared glass-stoppered pressure bottle containing 25.0ml of 1N alcoholic KOH, rapidly replace the stopper, and weigh accurately. Tie down the stopper, insert the bottle in a wire basket, and immerse in a water bath at room temperature. • [Caution—Before raising the bath temperature, take adequate precautions to cover the bottle or erect a suitable safety shield to prevent injury in case the bottle should burst.]

  26. Heat the water bath to boiling, maintain at this temperature for 30minutes, and then cool gradually to room temperature before handling the bottle. Remove the stopper, add phenolphthalein and titrate the excess alkali with 1N HCl acid. Perform a blank determination. Each ml of 1N alcoholic KOH is equivalent to 98.95mg of C2H4Cl2. • USES: Used as degreasen and paint remover. • The major use of 1,2-dichloroethane is in the production of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) with hydrogen chloride as a byproduct. • VCM is the precursor to polyvinyl chloride.

  27. Lactic acid • FORMULA : C3H6O3 • Mol. Wt. : 90.079 • Preparation : Lactic acid has been prepared by brominating propionic acid and hydrolyzing the resultant 2‐bromopropionic acid to sodium lactate by heating with dil.alkali. CH3CH2COOH CH3.CHBr.COOH CH3.CH(OH)COONa

  28. ASSAY : Weigh accurately a portion of the sample equivalent to about 3 g of lactic acid, transfer to a 250-ml flask, add 50 ml of 1N sodium hydroxide, mix, and boil for 20 min. Add phenolphthalein TS, titrate the excess alkali in the hot solution with 1N sulfuric acid, and perform a blank determination. Each ml of 1N sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 90.08 mg of C3H6O3. NaOH + CH3.CH(OH).COOH CH3.CH(OH).COO USES : • Used in dairy products • For determining of tides • Ethyl and butyl lactates are used as plasticers. • Lactic acid has gained importance in the detergent industry the last decade and anti-bacterial agent

  29. Tartaric acid • FORMULA :C4H6O6 • Mol. Wt. : 150.087 • Preparation : From maleic acid‐ maleic acid produced industrially by oxidation of cyclohexone is treated with alkaline KMnO4 to get m‐tartaric acid. • ASSAY       : Titration with N/1 NaOH using phenolphthalein as indicator.     2NaOH+C4H6O6 ⇔Na2C4H4O6+2H2O • 1,000ml of N/1 alkali are equivalent to ½ C4H6O6

  30. USES: In carbonated beverages and effervescent tablets • In baking powder • n silvering of mixtures • In combination with citric acid, in order to improve the taste of oral medications • In small doses, in cough syrup as an expectorant. • The acid has been observed to chelate metal ions such as calcium and magnesium. Therefore, the acid has served in the farming and metal industries as a chelating agent for complexing micronutrients in soil fertilizer and for cleaning metal surfaces consisting of aluminium, copper, iron, and alloys of these metals, respectively .

  31. CITRIC ACID • FORMULA : C6H8O7 • Mol. Wt. : 192.12 • Preparation : From molasses‐ it containing sucrose is diluted to water and subjected to fermenting with a micro organism Aspergillusniger. • A. nigeruses the glucose as food and produces citric acid and carbon dioxide (CO2) as waste products. • Filter the mold out of the culture once the concentration of citric acid in the culture peaks. The remaining solution will be very high in citric acid.

  32. Extract the citric acid. Add calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] to the solution. It will combine with the citric acid to form calcium citrate Ca3(C6H5O7)2, a salt that will precipitate out of the solution. • Regenerate the citric acid with sulfuric acid. ASSAY : Citric acid is a strong acid, it is titrated against N/1 NaOH solution. • Weigh accurately 1 gm of citric acid and dissolve 20ml of distilled water and titrated against N/1 NaOH solution using phenolphthalein solution as the indicator. • 1 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 0.06403 g of C6H8O7

  33. Uses: The dominant use of citric acid is as a flavoring and preservative in food and beverages, especially soft drinks. • Citric acid is used with sodium bicarbonate in a wide range of effervescent formulae, both for ingestion. • Citric acid is also often used in cleaning products and sodas or fizzy drinks. • Citric acid is an excellent chelating agent, binding metals. It is used to remove limescale from boilers and evaporators. • In the industry, it is used to dissolve rust from steel. • Citric acid can be used in shampoo to wash out wax and coloring from the hair.

  34. Citric acid is an alpha hydroxy acid and used as an active ingredient in chemical peels. • Citric acid can be used in food coloring to balance the pH level of a normally basic dye. • Citric acid is used as a chelating agent and is present in the Benedict's reagent, used for identification both qualitatively and quantitatively, of reducing sugars. • Citric acid can be used as a lower-odor stop bath as part of the process for developing photographic film.

  35. Ethyl hydroxy benzoate • FORMULA :C9H10O3 • Mol. Wt. : 166.17 • Preparation : Ethyl ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid prepared from 4-aminobenzoic acid. The starting compound is first diazotized and the diazo group subsequently replaced by a hydroxy group. The product, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, is in the second step esterified with ethanol and the resulting ester purified by recrystallization.

  36. Assay: Place about 0.08g accurately weighted and transferred into a round glass stopped flask, add 2.5ml of NaOH then boil gently under reflex condenser for 3mins. Cool and titrate with HCl Vs using phenolphthalein as indicator. Repeat the operation without the test liquid being examined and make any necessary correction. Uses: It is used as an antifungal preservative. • As a food additive. • Used as artificial fruit flavouring agent

  37. BENZYL BENZOATE • FORMULA : C14H12O2 • Mol. Wt. : 212.24 • Preparation : • 1. Prepared by esterification of benzyl alcohol with benzoic acid of catalyst. • By heating benzyl chloride with potassium benzoate in the presence of diethyl amine. OR • 2. Benzyl benzoate is produced industrially by the reaction of sodium benzoate with benzyl alcohol in the presence of a base. Alternatively, it is produced by trans-esterification of methylbenzoate and benzyl alcohol. It is also a byproduct of benzoic acid synthesis by toluene oxidation.

  38. Assay: • Add about 2.0g accurately weighted 240ml of KOH/C2H5OH Vs and boil under reflex for 1hr. Cool and titrate with HCl Vs using phenolphthalein or ethanol as indicator. Repeat the operation without the test liquid being examined and make any necessary correction. Each 1ml of KOH/C2H5OH Vs equivalent to 106.1mg of C14H12O2.

  39. Uses: It is used as an acaricide, scabicide, and pediculicide in veterinary hospitals. • It is also a repellent for chiggers, ticks, and mosquitoes. • It is an effective and inexpensive topical treatment for human scabies. • It has vasodilating and spasmolytic effects and is present in many asthma and whooping cough drugs. • Other uses of benzyl benzoate are dye carrier, solvent for cellulose derivatives, plasticizer, and fixative in the perfume industry.

  40. DIMETHYL PTHALATE • FORMULA :C10H10O4 • Mol. Wt :194.184 • Preparation: It is prepared by oxidation of p‐xylene and subsequent, esterification with methyl alcohol. CH3C6H4CH3 + (O) HOOC.C6H4COOH HOOC.C6H4COOH + 2CH3OH CH3COO.C6H4COOH • ASSAY : Weigh accurately about 2g of dimethyl phthalate into a 250ml flask attached to reflex condenser and add 50ml of 0.5 NaOH and add 10ml of H2O and reflex for 1 hr.

  41. Wash down the sides of the container and glass connection with about 2.5ml of water, cool and add 0.2ml of thymol blue and titrate excess alkali with 0.5N HCl to the production of yellow colour performance. • Uses: Dimethyl phthalate is used as an insect repellent for mosquitoes and flies. It is also an ectoparasiticide and has many other uses, including in solid rocket propellants, plastics, and insect repellents.

  42. SODIUM LAURYL SULPHATE • FORMULA : NaC12H25SO4 • Mol. Wt :288.372 • Preparation: Itis synthesized by treating lauryl alcohol with sulfur trioxide gas, oleum, or chlorosulfuric acid to produce hydrogen lauryl sulfate. • The industrially practiced method typically uses sulfur trioxide gas. The resulting product is then neutralized through the addition of sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate. • Laurylalcohol is in turn usually derived from either coconut or palm kernel oil by hydrolysis, which liberates their fatty acids, followed by hydrogenation.

  43. ASSAY : Weigh accurately about 1.15g, dissolve in sufficient water to produce 1,000ml warming if necessary to 20.01ml add 15ml of CHCl3 10ml of dil.H2SO4 and dimethyloracet blue solution and titrate with 0.004M benzethonium chloride, until the CHCl3 layer acquires a permanent clear green colour. • Each 1ml of 0.004M benzethonium chloride is equivalent to 0.00115g of sodium alkali sulphates, calculated as NaC12H25SO4.

  44. Uses: It is mainly used in detergents for laundry with many cleaning applications. • It is a highly effective surfactant and is used in any task requiring the removal of oily stains and residues. • It is found in higher concentrations with industrial products including engine degreasers, floor cleaners, and car wash soaps. • It is found in toothpastes, shampoos, shaving creams, and bubble bath formulations in part for its thickening effect and its ability to create a lather he removal of oily stains and residues.

  45. SACCHARIN SODIUM • Saccharin is an artificial sweetener with effectively no food energy which is about 300–400 times as sweet as sucrose or table sugar, but has a bitter or metallic aftertaste, especially at high concentrations. It is used to sweeten products such as drinks, candies, cookies, medicines, and toothpaste. • FORMULA :C7H4NO3S Na • Mol. Wt :183.184

  46. Preparation: Saccharin can be produced in various ways.The original route by Remsen & Fahlberg starts with toluene; another route begins with o-chlorotoluene. Sulfonation by chlorosulfonic acid gives the ortho and para substituted sulfonyl chlorides. The ortho isomer is separated and converted to the sulfonamide with ammonia. Oxidation of the methyl substituent gives the carboxylic acid, which cyclicizes to give saccharin free acid.

  47. ASSAY :Weigh accurately about 0.15g, dissolve in 50ml of anhydrous glacial acetic acid. • With slight heating if necessary and carry out method A for non aqueous titration, determining the end potentiometrically perform a blank determination and make any necessary correction. • Each ml of 0.1M perchloric acid is equivalent to 0.02052g of C7H4NO3S Na. • USES : Pharmaceutical aid, preparation of toothpaste.

  48. MEPHENSIN • FORMULA : C10H14O3 • Mol. Wt : 182.216 • Preparation: It is synthesized from o‐cresol. It is treated with aq.NaOH to convert sodium salt which undergoes nucleophillic substitute with 3‐chloro‐1,2 propane diol to give mephensin. • Assay: weigh accurately 0.15gm of Mephensin and dissolve in 50ml of distilled water into 250ml iodine flask. Add to it 25 ml of 0.1N potassium bromate solution and 10gm of powdered potassium bromide.

  49. After the dissolution of KBr, add 10ml of HCl, insert the moistened stopper, and after 10 seconds add 10ml of KI solution . • Titrate with 0.1N sodium thiosulphate using starch solution as indicator. • Each ml of potassium bromate solution contains 0.009911 gm of C10H14O3. USES : • Used as analgesic, anxiolytic, anti‐fungal. • Mephenesin is a centrally acting muscle relaxant. It can be used as an antidote for strychnine poisoning.

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