Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed)

1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed) Therapy James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

2. Therapy • Psychotherapy • an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties • Eclectic Approach • an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses or integrates techniques from various forms of therapy (Also called psychotherapy integration

3. Therapy- Psychoanalysis • Psychoanalysis • Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences – and the therapist’s interpretations of them – released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight • use has rapidly decreased in recent years • Resistance • blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

4. Therapy- Psychoanalysis • Interpretation • the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight • Transference • the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships • e.g. love or hatred for a parent

5. Humanist Therapy • Person-Centered Therapy • humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers • therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth • Active Listening • empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

6. Gestalt Therapy • developed by Fritz Perls • combines the psychoanalytic emphasis on bringing unconscious feelings to awareness and the humanistic emphasis on getting “in touch with oneself” • aims to help people become more aware of and able to express their feelings, and to take responsibility for their feelings and actions

7. Behavior Therapy • Behavior Therapy • therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors • Counterconditioning • procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors • based on classical conditioning • includes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning

8. Behavior Therapy • Systematic Desensitization • type of counterconditioning • associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli • commonly used to treat phobias

9. Behavior Therapy • Aversive Conditioning • type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior • nausea ---> alcohol

10. 120 100 80 60 120 100 80 60 120 100 80 60 120 100 80 60 Pulse rate in beats per minute 120 100 80 60 120 100 80 60 120 100 80 60 120 100 80 60 Time Behavior Therapy • Systematic Desensitization

11. Behavior Therapy • Aversion therapy for alcoholics CS+ UCS (drug in alcohol) CR (nausea) CS (alcohol) CR (nausea)

12. Behavior Therapy • Token Economy • an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior • patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats

13. Cognitive Therapy • Cognitive Therapy • teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting • based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

14. Cognitive Therapy • The Cognitive Revolution

15. Cognitive Therapy • Rational-Emotive Therapy • confrontational cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis • vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions • also called rational-emotive behavior therapy by Ellis, emphasizing a behavioral “homework” component

16. Lost job Internal beliefs (“I’m worthless.” “It’s hopeless.”) Depression Lost job Internal beliefs “My boss is a jerk. I deserve something better.” No depression Cognitive Therapy • A cognitive perspective on psychological disorders

17. 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Depression scores Waiting list patients Cognitive training patients Pre-therapy test Post-therapy test Cognitive Therapy • Cognitive therapy for depression

18. Group Therapies • Family Therapy • treats the family as a system • views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members • encourages family members toward positive relationships and improved communication

19. Who Does Therapy? • To whom do people turn for help for psychological difficulties?

20. Therapists and Their Training Type Description Psychiatrist Physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders. Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s they can prescribe medications. Thus, they tend to see those with the most serious problems. Many have private practice. Clinical Most are psychologists with a Ph.D. and expertise in research, psychologists assessment, and therapy, supplemented by a supervised internship. About half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practice. Clinical or A two-year Master of Social Work graduate program plus psychiatric postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer Social workers psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems. About half have earned the National Association of Social Workers’ designation of clinical social worker. Counselors Marriage and family counselors specialize in problems arising from family relations. Pastoral counselors provide counseling to countless people. Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims. Who Does Therapy?

21. Average untreated person Average psychotherapy client Number of persons Poor outcome Good outcome 80% of untreated people have poorer outcomes than the average treated person Does Therapy Work? • Meta-analysis • procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

22. Biomedical Therapies • Psychopharmacology • study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior • Lithium • chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders

23. Prozac blocks normal reuptake of the neuro- transmitter serotonin; excess serotonin in dynapse enhances its mood-lifting effect. Message is received; excess neurotransmitter molecules are reabsorbed by sending neuron. Message is sent across synaptic gap. Sending neuron Vesicles containing neurotrans- mitters Action potential Synaptic gap Neurotransmitter molecule Receptors Reuptake Prozac Receiving neuron Serotonin Biomedical Therapies

24. Biomedical Therapies • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) • therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

25. Biomedical Therapies • Psychosurgery • surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior • lobotomy • now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients

26. Comparing Treatments for Depression Cognitive Antidepressant Electroconvulsive Therapy Drugs Therapy Percent marked Improvement 60-80% 60-80% 80% Relapse rate moderate moderate to high moderate to high Side effects none moderate severe Time scale months weeks days Overall very good useful to very good useful to very good Biomedical Therapies