Reconstruction: A Divided Nation Rebuilt

1. Chapter 5 - Reconstruction Section 1: Presidential Reconstruction Section 2: Congressional Reconstruction Section 3: Birth of the “New South” Section 4: The End of Reconstruction

2. Section 1: Presidential Reconstruction TEKS – 24G, 25C

3. TEKS • 24G • Support a point of view on a social studies issue or event. • 25C • Transfer information from one medium to another, including written to visual and statistical to written or visual, using computer software as appropriate.

4. Reconstruction • Reconstruction – a federal government program to repair the damage to the South and restore the southern states to the Union. • Postwar South’s Three Major Groups of People: • Black Southerners • Found themselves homeless, jobless, and hungry • Worked for former masters • Plantation Owners • Land taken by the government or in debt • Poor White Southerners • No jobs so they migrated west

5. Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan • Ten Percent Plan • Offered a pardon, or forgiveness of crime, to any Confederate who would take an oath of allegiance • No pardons for Confederates who killed African Americans • States can hold convention to create new Constitution if state had at least 10 percent allegiance • States could then hold elections and resume full participation • Radical Republicans – groups of Republicans who were opposed to Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction

6. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan • Presidential Reconstruction • Pardoned southerners who swore allegiance • Permitted each state to hold a constitutional convention • States had to void secession, abolish slavery, and repudiate the Confederate debt • States could then hold elections and rejoin the Union

7. African Americans Gain Freedoms • Freedom of Movement • Took to the roads • Freedom to Own Land • Wanted federal government to redistribute southern land • Freedom to Worship • New lack organizations popped up in the South, most visibly churches • Freedom to Learn • Had the ability to learn • The Freedman’s Bureau • The first major federal relief agency that gave out clothing, medical supplies, and millions of meals

8. Section 2: Congressional Reconstruction TEKS – 7A, 7C, 8B, 19B, 24D, 24G

9. TEKS • 7A • Trace the historical development of the civil rights movement in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, including the 13th, 14th, 15th amendments. • 7C • Evaluate government efforts, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964, to achieve equality in the United States. • 8B • Pose and answer questions about geographic distributions and patterns shown on maps, graphs, charts, models, and databases. • 19B • Evaluate the contributions of significant political and social leaders in the United States such as Andrew Carnegie, Shirley Chisholm, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. • 24D • Use the process of historical inquiry to research, interpret, and use multiple sources of evidence. • 24G • Support a point of view on a social studies issue or event.

10. Black Codes • Black Codes – laws that restricted freedman’s rights • Curfews – no gathering after sunset • Vagrancy laws – punishment for not working • Labor contracts – agreements for work • Land restrictions – forced to live on plantations

11. Fourteenth Amendment • To guarantee citizens equal protection under the law • Civil rights – citizens’ personal liberties guaranteed by law, such as voting rights and equal treatment

12. Reconstruction Act of 1867 • South under military rule, separated into five districts • New elections for delegates to create new state constitutions • All qualified male voters to vote in state elections • Barred supporters of Confederacy from voting • Southern states had to guarantee equal rights • Required states to ratify the 14th amendment

13. Johnson is Impeached • Impeach – to charge a President with wrongdoing in office • Left Johnson as a lame duck in office • In 1868, General Ulysses S. Grant is elected President

14. Fifteenth Amendment • No citizen may be denied the right to vote • Texas v. White (1869) • Illegal for any state to secede • Upheld Congress’s right to restructure • With these in place, African Americans begin to gain elected positions

15. The Republican South • Carpetbaggers – northern Republicans who moved to the postwar South to make a quick profit • Scalawag – white southern Republicans seen as traitors

16. Section 3: Birth of the “New South” TEKS – 7A, 8B, 20A, 24H

17. TEKS • 7A • Trace the historical development of the civil rights movement in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, including the 13th, 14th, 15th amendments. • 8B • Pose and answer questions about geographic distributions and patterns shown on maps, graphs, charts, models, and databases. • 20A • Describe how the characteristics and issues of various eras in U.S. history have been reflected in works of art, music, and literature such as the paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe, rock and roll, and John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath. • 24H • Use appropriate mathematical skills to interpret social studies information such as maps and graphs.

18. Changes in Farming • Sharecropping – System of farming in which a farmer tends some portion of a planter’s land and receives a share of the crop at harvest time as payment. • 50 cents a day • Tenant Farming – Farmers paid to own the land they were farming.

19. Effects on the South’s Economy • Changes in the Labor Force • 90% harvested by slaves => 40% harvested by white laborers • Emphasis on Cash Crops • Cotton, tobacco, and Sugar cane • Cycle of Debt • Rise of Merchants • Stores would sell supplies on credit

20. Reconstruction Efforts • Poured money into infrastructure • The public property and services that a society uses. • Corruption • Much of the money went to those who didn’t need it

21. Section 4: The End of Reconstruction TEKS – 7A, 7C, 8B, 24A

22. TEKS • 7A • Trace the historical development of the civil rights movement in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, including the 13th, 14th, 15th amendments. • 7C • Evaluate government efforts, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964, to achieve equality in the United States. • 8B • Pose and answer questions about geographic distributions and patterns shown on maps, graphs, charts, models, and databases. • 24A • Locate and use primary and secondary sources such as computer software, databases, media and news services, biographies, interviews, and artifacts to acquire information about the United States.

23. KKK • To keep African-Americans in the role of submissive laborers • Pretended to be ghosts of the Confederate soldiers, returned from the dead in search of revenge against enemies of the South.

24. Enforcement Act of 1870 • Banned the use of terror, force, or bribery to prevent people from voting because of their race. • Wiped out the KKK within a year.

25. The End of Reconstruction • Corruption • Legislatures symbolized corruption, greed, and poor government • Economy • Southern states deeper in debt and economic downturn in 1873 • Violence • When federal troops withdrew from the south, violence replaced them • Democrats Return to Power • Last ex-Confederates had been pardoned and they formed the solid South (a bloc of Democratic voters)

26. Compromise of 1877 • Election of 1876 • Republican - Rutherford B. Hayes • Wins Electoral college vote • Democrat – Samuel Tilden • Wins popular vote and electoral college • Compromise • North Gets - Rutherford B. Hayes as president • South Gets - End of Reconstruction, removal of federal troops from the South, and money for levees and railroads

27. End of Chapter 5 - Reconstruction Prepare for a QUIZ!