Reconstructing America: Aftermath of the Civil War

1. Chapter 19Reconstruction

2. After The War • Reconstruction is the 12 year period following the Civil War where Americans tried to rebuild the South. • The South went from very wealthy to ruins • Cities, roads, bridges, towns, buildings, were all destroyed • In some states 1/3 of white males were killed or injured during the war • Freedmen (former slaves) now existed • Most were homeless, uneducated, jobless • Southern social order was gone • Blacks Free • Whites had hard time accepting them as equal Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

3. Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction • Lincoln planned for Reconstruction before his death (10% plan). • His plan was lenient and allowed the Southern states to reenter the Union easily • 10% Plan • Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South. • Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. • When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized. Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

4. Radical Republicans • Congress didn’t support Lincoln’s plan (saw it as too mild). • Congress was controlled by a group of Republicans that wanted to punish the south for the war. • They were called “Radical Republicans” • Ignoring the president Congress passes its own tough reconstruction bill (Wade-Davis Bill). • Wade-Davis Bill states: • Each state had to take a loyalty oath. • A majority of white males had to pledge their allegiance to the US. • Each state’s new constitution had to abolish slavery. • Only those who never served or assisted the Confederacy could hold public office (few people in the South could say this). Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

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6. The 13th amendment • Jan. 31, 1865 Congress approved the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. • This amendment abolished slavery. • The Freedman's Bureau gets created in 1865. • The Bureau worked to provide education, housing, and other improvements to Black men and women in the South. Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

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9. Primary School in Vicksburg Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

10. Freedmen school Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

11. President Andrew Johnson • After Lincoln’s assassination, his Vice President, Andrew Johnson, became president • Johnson was a southerner who sided with the Union before the war. • Johnson was loyal to Lincoln and vowed to use a Reconstruction plan similar to Lincoln’s. • Johnson and Radical Republicans fought battle after battle over Reconstruction. Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

12. Andrew Johnson Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

13. Black Codes • Black men and women suffered under Johnson’s plan for reconstruction. • The South passed laws called “black codes” that listed the rights of black citizens BUT at the same time restricted them. • Examples of Black Codes: • Black marriages legal (but not to whites) • Blacks could sue in court. (but not against whites) • Blacks could own land (but not own guns) • Blacks had to have job contracts (jailed if they didn’t) • Jailed blacks could be rented out to anyone that paid their jail fine. Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

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16. Johnson vs. Congress • Congress passed several laws granting rights to blacks, but they were vetoed by Johnson. • Congress overrode the President’s vetoes • 14th amendment defined citizenship to include blacks • Congress passed the Reconstruction Act in 1867. • this divided the South into 5 military districts • It also made it difficult to return to the Union. • Congress then impeached Pres. Johnson. • Johnson missed being removed from office by one vote. Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

17. 14th Amendment Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

18. Johnson vs Congress Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

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22. Reconstruction Map Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

23. The Election of 1868 • The Radical Republicans sought a candidate who would sweep the country and keep them in power. • They chose the North’s popular Civil War Hero Ulysses S. Grant. • The Democrats ran Horatio Seymour. • Grant easily won and became the 18th president of the US. Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

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26. President Ulysses S. Grant Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

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28. Reconstruction Politics in the South • Democrats – White southerners that did not support civil rights to black citizens. • Republicans – Whites and blacks that supported civil rights to black citizens. • Scalawags – Southerners that supported the Republican Party. • Carpetbaggers – Northern whites who moved to the South to take advantage of business opportunities. (often at the cost of others) Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

29. Carpetbaggers Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

30. Land in the South • Land was power in the South. • Both poor whites and blacks who could not afford land became tenant farmers (farming land that they rented). • However, many could not even afford to rent because the South was so poor after the war. • Many men became sharecroppers (people who worked the owner’s land and received a share of the crops in return.) Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

31. African Americans in Government • Voting was a new freedom to black men. • In the 1868 presidential election,there were 700,000 votes for the Republican Party. • Congress passed the 15th amendment in 1870. • The 15th amendment states that all American males over the age of 21 had the right to vote regardless of race. • This opened to the door for Black men to play a larger role in government. • All together the southern states sent 28 Black men to the Congress. Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

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33. 1st African Americans in Congress Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

34. Hiram Revels (the first black man to serve in the Senate – he took J Davis’ spot) Blanche K. Bruce (the first black man elected to the senate) Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

35. Southern Resistance • Some white southerners found the changes intolerable. • The military occupation made them feel powerless and defiant bands formed to defend the ‘old way’ of life. • Examples of these groups were: the Regulators, The Knights of the White Camellia and the Ku Klux Klan. • The Ku Klux Klan (organized by Nathan Bedford Forrest) was the most powerful. • They started out by dressing up as ghosts and scaring Blacks and Whites who voted republican. • However, when not everyone would scare, their acts turned violent with thousands (both black and white) murdered across the South. • President Grant used the Civil Rights Act of 1871 to arrest over 5,000 Klansmen. This put an end to the group until the 20th century. Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

36. Ku Klux Klan (KKK) Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

37. Ku Klux Klan (KKK) Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

38. KKK March on Washington D.C. Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

39. Reconstruction Ends • By the mid 1870’s Americans began to be sick of Reconstruction. • However, it ended slowly and violently. • In 1872 Congress granted general amnesty(pardon) to most of the former Confederate Soldiers. • This increased the White voting population in the South. (So, the Democratic Party gained control there) • Across many Southern states politics became violent as the South attempted to gain control back from Northern rule. • Democrats/Republicans armed and stationed at voting polls. • Democrats published the names of registered republicans. • Grants administration had hurt the Republican image that Lincoln had fostered. • Grant’s presidency was full of cronyism and corruptions. (not from Grant but from those he hired.) Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

40. Presidential Election of 1876 • Dem. Candidate Samuel Tilden & Repub. Candidate Rutherford B. Hayes ran for office. • No candidate won a majority. Some electoral votes were contested. • Commission was formed to pick a winner. • Southern Democrats used a filibuster (continuous speechmaking to delay action) to slow the commission. • Democrats agreed to stop the filibuster and support Hayes, if Hayes promised to withdraw troops from the South • Hayes won the election & military occupation ended Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

41. Rutherford Hayes & Samuel Tilden Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

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43. The Aftermath • Reconstruction was a failure on many levels. • Southern Whites saw the aggressive policies of the Radical Republicans as attacks on them and this led to a violent response. • Southern Blacks were again left on their own to fend for themselves after the troops had withdrawn. • Southern leaders implemented literacy test and poll taxes to keep Black men from voting. • The Supreme Court tore down the Civil Rights Act of 1875, calling it unconstitutional. • Segregation (separation) became the policy of the day and laws were made to separate Blacks and Whites (these became known as “Jim Crow” Laws) Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)

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45. The End • You have now completed all that the State of Mississippi wishes you to know for 7th grade U.S. History. • You will pick up where you leave off in the 11th grade U.S. History • There will be a State Test on U.S. History at 11th grade in which you are required to pass in order to graduate. • Ways to succeed on State Test: Ask questions, complete class work, study, do independent research, use study guides and online practice tests, form study groups, focus on big picture not small details • As a future adult; remember, if you don’t vote, you don’t get to complain. Voting is very important if you want to change things in the future. Good luck with your future endeavors! Have a safe & fun filled summer … Chapter 19 (Reconstruction)