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Livestock Breeding Systems

Livestock Breeding Systems. Principles of Agricultural Science – Animal. Unit 6 – Lesson 6.2 Generating Generations. Breeding Systems. Straight breeding Mating animals of the same breed Purebreds, inbreeding, out crossing, and grading up Crossbreeding Mating animals of different breeds

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Livestock Breeding Systems

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  1. Livestock Breeding Systems Principles of Agricultural Science – Animal Unit 6 – Lesson 6.2 Generating Generations

  2. Breeding Systems • Straight breeding • Mating animals of the same breed • Purebreds, inbreeding, out crossing, and grading up • Crossbreeding • Mating animals of different breeds • Two-breed crosses, three-breed crosses, and rotational breeding

  3. Straight Breeding • Animals maintain qualities of ancestors. • It is used mostly in the production of breeding stock. • Purebreds are eligible for registration.

  4. Types of Straight Breeding • Inbreeding and line-breeding involve the crossing of related individuals. • Desirable traits more visible, undesirable traits more visible. • Out-crossing is the mating of animals of different lineage within the same breed. It is the most popular system of pairing animals. • Animals are not closely related, but are within the same breed.

  5. Crossbreeding • Combine qualities of two or more breeds • Tends to result in offspring that are superior to the contribution of each parent • Heterosis, or hybrid vigor, is the increase in productivity of offspring above the average of the parents • Used mostly in the production of market animals

  6. Livestock Breeding Methods • Natural Breeding (a.k.a. Live Cover) • Pasture Breeding • Hand Breeding • Artificial Insemination • Embryo Transfer • Cloning

  7. Natural Breeding • Two methods: • Pasture breeding – Females are kept in pasture with the male. The male physically mounts female and deposits semen on his own. • Hand breeding – Females are kept separately from males. The males are brought to females in heat and allowed to mount by the breeder. The breeder controls both animals at all times.

  8. Advantages Use superior male genetics Faster genetic improvement Frozen semen may be stored and transported around the world Can be less expensive – no need to own a sire Safety – aggressive males Disadvantages Labor intensive – have to monitor heat cycles of females carefully Requires training Decreases genetic diversity Conception rates Artificial Insemination (A. I.)

  9. Embryo Transfer Advantages • Takes advantage of superior female and male genetics • Females can have more offspring per year Disadvantages • Requires skill – vet may be required • Expensive and may only yield a few viable embryos

  10. Cloning First vertebrate cloned – Dolly the sheep 1996 Cattle successfully cloned in 1998 May be done using cells that haven’t yet specialized or adult cells Very costly process Many potential benefits

  11. Estrus (Heat) Detection • Done prior to artificial insemination to ensure semen is delivered at the right time • Methods vary by species • Visual observation • Teaser (i.e., sterilized or intact male) • Heat mount detectors • Computer chip based systems

  12. Estrus Synchronization • The use of synthetic hormones to make a group of females come into heat at the same time. • Benefits • Large number of calves in the same time frame • Essential for successful embryo transfer programs.

  13. Semen Collection and Freezing • Collection methods • Artificial vagina • Electroejaculator • Fresh semen only usable for 1-2 days, more practical in most cases to freeze it using liquid nitrogen • Semen tanks kept at -112 degrees

  14. Semen Handling • Semen must be kept free of: • Chemical threats • Cleaners, disinfectants, spermicidal lubricants • Thermal threats • Temperature can’t be increased above body temperature of animal • Temperature can’t be lowered quickly

  15. Semen Freezing and Thawing • Thawing • Done in warm (i.e., 90-95 degree) water for a minimum of 40 seconds • Must be kept warm until use

  16. Semen Evaluation • Evaluated to determine potential fertility of a sample • Based on: • Sperm concentration • Sperm motility • Sperm morphology

  17. References Bowen, R. (2003). Collection and evaluation of semen. Retrieved December 31, 2008, from Pathophysiology of the reproductive system Web site: http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/index.html Gillespie, J.R., & Flanders, F.B. (2010). Modern livestock and poultry production (8th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar. Herren, R. V., & Donahue, R. L. (2000). Delmar’s agriscience dictionary with searchable CD-ROM. Albany, NY: Delmar.  Selk, G. Artificial insemination for beef cattle. Oklahoma cooperative extension service fact sheet. Retrieved December 31, 2008, from http://osuextra.okstate.edu/pdfs/F-3164web.pdf Taylor, R.E. (1992). Scientific farm animal production: An introduction to animal science. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company.

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