Exercises 29 and 30

1. Exercises 29 and 30 Blood Portland Community College BI 232

2. Blood • Highly specialized connective tissue that consists of formed elements (blood cells) suspended in a fluid matrix (plasma) • Formed elements comprise about 45% of total volume

3. Plasma • Fluid portion of blood • About 90% water • Proteins • Albumins transport solutes and buffer the plasma • Globulins function in immunity • Fibrinogen is a clotting protein • Electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻) • Nutrients • Hormones • Wastes

4. Erythrocyte

5. Erythrocyte (RBC) • Flattened biconcave discs that lack nuclei and most organelles. • Most of the cytoplasm is filled with the protein hemoglobin • Function: Transport of O2

6. Iron Deficient RBC • More pale and smaller

7. Sickle Cell

8. Reticulocyte • Count: 1-2% of RBC • RBC precursor • Increased when RBC turnover is high • Still contains nuclear fragments

9. Platelets • Also called thrombocytes • Fragments of a bone marrow cell called a megakaryocyte • Count: 150-500,000 per mm3 • Function: mediates blood clotting chemically and mechanically

10. Platelets Platelet Megakaryocytes

11. White Blood Cells • Also called Leukocytes • Defend the body from pathogens and foreign proteins. • Capable of migrating from blood vessels to surrounding tissues by diapedesis.

12. Response types • Innate immunity: a person having a reaction to microorganisms and foreign substances without prior exposure • Adaptive immunity in which exposure initiates immune response

13. Leukocyte Groups • Granular leukocytes are named because they have granules in the cytoplasm • Agranular leukocytes lack granules

14. Neutrophil (Granulocyte) • Nuclei: 2 to 5 lobes connected by thin strands • Fine, pale lilac practically invisible granules

15. Neutrophil • Count: 60- 70% • Fastest response of all WBC to bacteria • Functions: • Phagocytic: engulf pathogens or debris in tissues

16. Eosinophil (Granulocyte) • Nucleus with 2 or 3 lobes connected by a thin strand • Large, uniform-sized orange-red granules

17. Eosinophil • Count: 2-4% • Functions: • Attack parasitic worms; mitigate the effects of allergy and inflammation

18. Basophil (Granulocyte) • Large, dark purple, variable-sized granules • Obscure the nucleus • Irregular, s-shaped, bi-lobed nuclei

19. Basophil • Count:<1% • Functions: • Enter damaged tissues and release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation

20. Lymphocyte (Agranulocyte) • Dark, oval to round nucleus • Cytoplasm sky blue in color

21. Lymphocyte • Count: 25-33% • Functions: • Mount immune response by direct attack or via antibodies, mediates other cellular immune response, • Includes B and T cells

22. B cells and T cells • Won’t be able to distinguish between these with Wright's stain • B cells become plasma cells which make antibodies • T cells mature in thymus and provide cell-mediated immunity

23. Monocyte (Agranulocyte) • Nucleus is kidney or horse-shoe shaped • Pale cytoplasm • Largest blood cells

24. Monocyte • Count: 3-8% • Functions: • Enter tissues to become macrophages • Engulf pathogens or debris

25. Differential WBC count • Differential white blood cell count is performed to determine the percentages of each white blood cell type • Any deviation in the normal percentage ranges could indicate an abnormal condition such as bacterial, viral or parasitic infection

26. Leukopenia and Leukemia • Leukopenia is a decrease in the number of circulating leukocytes. • Can be caused by radiation therapy, chemotherapy and some drugs. • Leukemia is an increase in the number of WBCs

27. ABO Blood Types • RBC surfaces are marked by genetically determined glycoproteins (surface antigens or agglutinogens) • The glycoprotein determines the blood type • Plasma contains antibodies or agglutinins to the A or B antigens not found on your blood cells

28. Type A • Type A: Display only antigen A • The plasma contains antibodies against Type B

29. Type B • Type B: Display only antigen B • The plasma contains antibodies against Type A

30. Type AB • Type AB: Display both antigens A & B • The plasma contains no antibodies

31. Type O • Type O: Display neither antigen • The plasma contains antibodies against A and B

32. Blood Transfusions • Only RBC are donated. • Transfusion Reactions: The recipients plasma interacts with the donors RBC • Causes clumping then hemolysis

33. RH blood groups • People with Rh agglutinogens on RBC surface are Rh+. Normal plasma contains no anti-Rh antibodies • Antibodies develop only in Rh- blood type & only with exposure to the antigen • Transfusion of positive blood • During a pregnancy with a positive blood type fetus • Transfusion reaction upon 2nd exposure to the antigen results in hemolysis of the RBCs in the donated blood

34. Hemoglobin Concentrations • Normal hemoglobin concentration in females is 12-16 g/deciliter. • Normal hemoglobin concentration in males is 13-18 g/deciliter. • Hematocrit can be estimated from the hemoglobin concentration: 3x hemoglobin=hematocrit. • Normal hematocrit in females is 37-48%. • Normal hematocrit in men is 42-52%.

35. Gender Differences in Hb • Testosterone stimulates synthesis of erythropoietin which in turn stimulates erythropoiesis (red cell formation) in the red marrow. • Lower values in women of reproductive age may also reflect their red cell losses due to menstruation.

36. Lab activities • ID blood cells on slides can use prepared class slides or make your own. • Do differential white blood cell count • Determine your blood type • Determine hemoglobin levels • Calculate hemotocrit from your hemoglobin levels

37. The End The End