Morphology

1. Morphology Morphologyis the study of the building blocks of meaning in language. How do languages build words and indicate grammatical relationships between words? Very often, the answer lies in their morphology. a. What are words? →Strings of sounds with particular meanings b. What are the basic building blocks of words? c. How are more complex words built up from their parts? d. How is the meaning of a word related to its parts? e. How are individual words related to other words?

2. words Mental Lexicon (mental dictionary): • Parts of speech • Homonyms, synonyms, antonyms • Content and function words • Words are formed by putting together morphemes. • Languages with fairly simple morphological structure • Languages with a very complex morphological structure, e.g. • Turkish: Namixaridand‘they were not buying’ • Mohawk: Ni-mic-tomi-mak “I’ll give you the money.”

3. Words A. word: a minimal free form that can occur in isolation and/or whose position with respect to neighboring elements is not entirely fixed. The hunterspursued the bear. The bear pursued the hunters. B. /-er/ and /-s/are not words. They cannot occur in isolation and have relatively fixed positions. *erhunts *serhunt

4. Words … cont’d C. simple words:cannot be broken down . THE *T+HE D. complex words:can be broken down. HIMSELF HIM+SELF ; UN+LUCK+Y E. Closed class words:function words, pronouns, conjunctions, determiners F. Open class words:Major lexical items (nouns, verbs, etc.)

5. Morpheme A morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has a meaning or a grammatical function. un happy looks looked • A free Morpheme: it is the smallest meaningful unit that cannot be broken up into smaller meaningful units and it can stand alone. • A bound Morpheme are morphemes that cannot stand alone as meaningful units. They are attached to free morphemes such as prefixes or suffixes.

6. Morphology • Morphology is the study of how words are structured and how they are put together from smaller parts. • Morphologists not only identify the different classes of morphemes but also study the patterns that occur in the combination of morphemes in a given language. Consider retake, rewrite , relive ,,,,,, but not *takere , *re-choice, *re-pretty

7. Further morpheme classification • Derivational Morphemes: are morphemes that change the meaning of a word or the part of speech of the word they are attached to. They are prefixes or suffixes in English. happy unhappy quick quickness

8. Further morpheme classification • Inflectional Morphemes: Morphemes that serve a purely grammatical function, provide grammatical information about a word, never creating a new word but only a different form of the same word. They do not change the meaning or part of speech of the word. Looks, bags, playing • Suffixes only occur at the margins of a word and after derivational morphemes.

9. The inflectional suffixes of English • Plural morpheme : boys • Possessive morpheme: the man's car • Present tense third person singular morpheme: he walks • Past tense morpheme: he played • present participle morpheme: going • past participle morpheme: eaten • adjective comparative morpheme: smaller • adjective superlative morpheme: smallest

10. Allomorphs Allomorphs: non-distinctive realizations of a particular morpheme that have the same function. Cats /s/, bags /z/, wishes /Iz/, Walked /t/, robbed / d/, stilted /Id/ Are all allomorphs of the same morpheme. • In some adjectives we form the opposite by adding the prefix /in/ as in (incorrect), but the /n/ in this morpheme changes in some words to sound that follows: • in +legal illegal • in + possible impossible • in + responsible irresponsible • in + mature immature

11. Activity 1 A)- Break up each of the following words into its morphemes: excellent biochemistry manliness walked realize brighten encourage incorrect unnaturalness richest universities expectations

12. Activity 2 A)- Underline the base in each of the following words: teacher blacken sufficiently kingdom cheaply plays supermarket misinterpret remarked rehabilitation reconstructions thickeners unidirectional lovelier review

14. Prefixes and suffixes belonging to foreign languages

15. Derivation in English • Noun-making suffixes: acy, age, ance, dom, er, hood conspiracy, coinage, hindrance, freedom, brotherhood, leader • Adjective-making suffixes: able, ish, less, ive, some comfortable, devilish, careless, wholesome • Verb-making suffixes: ise, ify, en realise, falsify, shorten • Adverb-making suffixes: -wise clockwise, valuewise • Very productive prefixes: in, im, il, ir, un, dis, mis, non

16. Derivation in Arabic • In Arabic, derivation is achieved by adding affixes to the root of the verb. There are two types of the verb: 1-Triconsonantal verb like كتب – لعب – شرب 2- Quadriconsonantal verb like وسوس – زلزل - دحرج

17. Derivation in Arabic: ‘awzanالأوزان

18. 1Derivation in Arabic • Many Arabic words are formed from a root consisting of three consonants and a set of vowels that alternate with the root consonants and these act like an affix. Here the radical consonants are not changed in any way, but are derived from and built upon. 1- Derived Nouns: • agents ( كاتب ، قارئ ، عامل ، صانع ، سائق ، عالم :(فاعل • Patients ( مدروس ، مسموع ، مقروء ، مكتوب ، مفهوم :(مفعول • nouns that express the doing of the action once( (فعلةجلسة ، عدوة ، رمية ، صدمة ، صفعة ، ضربة ، لطمة ، شحنة ، دورة ، نظرة ، وقفة جولة ، ثورة ، • nouns of instruments, appliances, tools ( فاعلة ، فعالة، مفعال مفعلة ، مفعل، مفعال، فاعول) مشرط ، مبضع ، مجهر، رافعة ، شاحنة ، قاذفة حافلة ، طائرة ، مبراة • the diminutive ( (فُعيْل - فُعيّل: كتيب ، كهَيْرب ، نجيم، نهير

19. Derivation in Arabic 2 2- Derived Verbs • an act done with great violence (intensive), such as: كسر/ضرب/شقق/جرح/ قطع • movement towards a place أدبر/أقبل/ أقدم/ صوب / وجه / صعد/ شرّق • فاعل implies reciprocity: لاطف ، جامل ، قاتل ، حارب هاجم ، صارع ، كاَتب • entering upon a period of time: أصبح ، أمسى ، أظهر أشتى • getting into a state or condition: أوْرق ، أْثمَر ، أمْطر، أنجب

20. Derivation in Arabic 3 • A bilateral root, expressing a sound or movement is repeated to indicate the repetition of that sound or movement: • قهقه زلزل بأبأصرصر وسوس غرغر حمحم غمغم زلزل خشخش جلجل ثرثرجرجرخرخرشرشرصرصر فرفر كركر دلدل سلسل صلصل غلغل قلقل فلفل دمدم زمزمكمكم ململ لعلع دغدغ لفلف • quadiliteral verbs are formed from nouns of more than three letters, some of them are foreign words: • بسمل حوقل حمدل فذَلك سَبْحَلعلمَن فهْرَس كهْرَببرْمَج كبْرَت جوْرَبَ ْلبَب قطرَن مَذهَب مَسْكن َتْلمَذ َفْلسَف تْلَفن اكسَدسْفَلت تلفز أمْرَك فرنس أْلمَن نجلز ليزر دَكْترأسْتَذ

21. Inflection in English • Plural morpheme : boys • Possessive morpheme: the man's car • Present tense third person singular morpheme: he walks • Past tense morpheme: he played • present participle morpheme: going • past participle morpheme: eaten • adjective comparative morpheme: smaller • adjective superlative morpheme: smallest

22. Inflection in English … cont’d • Noun plural: -en as in ox – oxen • Alternative suffixes plus a consonant or vowel change: child --- children wife ---- wives bring --- brought (change of vowel + t) weep --- wept (deletion of /e/) mouse --- mice (change of vowel + c) 3. Vowel change only goose --- geese tooth ---- teeth speak --- spoke 4- ZERO change sheep --- sheep , put --- put 5- Completely different word go --- went , am --- was

23. Activities Identify the allomorph of the past participle morpheme in the following words: 1- seen 2- eaten 3- drunk 4- brought 5- studied 6- swum 7- bought 8- understood 9- put

24. Inflection in Arabic • Arabic is a highly inflected language • Arabic denotes most syntactic relationships through inflectional affixes, i.e. most verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives are inflected. • Nouns are inflected for number, gender and casemudaresun, mudarresat, madares; mudarres, mudarressah, waladun, waladan, waladin; Many patterns are regular: regular masculine plural (جمع المذكر السالم), regular feminine plural((جمع المؤنث السالم, but there is also the broken plural (جمع التكسير ) • Trilateral verbs also inflect for number and gender and tense: أكلا، أكلت، تأكل، يأكل

25. Learners’ Inflection-related errors • Formation of the wrong plural (sheeps, wifes) • Wrong past tense of the verb (catchted, choosed) • Wrong form the past participle (cutten, putten) • Dropping the /s/ from the third person present singular verb (she eat , He go ) • Adding /s/to modal verbs (He cans , She mays) • Adding the noun plural ending to the verb as well (The boys eats) • Using the wrong form of the pronoun, e.g. her for hers, it’s for its, who for whose

26. Word formation Processes in English • Affixation: prefixes and suffixes. • Coinage: Words coined from existing materials to represent new inventions or development, e.g. Kleenex, television, wireless, penicillin, Kodak. • Backformation:by extracting actual or supposed affixes from another word; shortened words created from longer words., e.g. gatecrash from gatecrasher pop from popular brainwash from brainwashing deconstruct from deconstruction

27. Word formation Processes in English 4. Blending: involves joining two words by taking parts of the two words and making a new word: smoke + fog ----------------- smog breakfast + lunch ----------- brunch motor + hotel --------------- motel 5- Chipping: cutting the beginning or end of a word. For example, lab -------------------- laboratory dorm------------------ dormitory exam ----------------- examination 6- Acronymy: taking the initial letters of words. For example, UNRWA UNESCO WHO

28. Word formation Processes in Arabic 1- Carving النحتrelates to the shortening of phrases, or extracting one word from two or more words. أن تعمد إلى كلمتين أو جملة فتنـزع من مجموع حروف كلماتها كلمة فذّة تدل على ما كانت تدل عليه الجملة نفسها • Words carved from two other words: Ja`fad (جعفد) from Jo’iltfedaak(جعلت فداك). • Words carved from three words: hay`la (حيعل) from (حي على الفلاح). • Words carved from four word :basmala(بسمل) from (بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ) • Words carved from four word صلعم from ((صلى الله عليه وسلم

29. Types of Carving in Arabic • Verbal carving:when the sentence is carved into a verb such as جعفد or بسمل, حمدل (الحمد لله), حسبل (حسبي الله), • Descriptive carving: when the word is carved from two similar adjectives جَلْعد وتعني"الصلب الشديد" من صفتان هما جلد+جعد; بُحْتُروتعني "القصير" من صفتان همابتر+حتر • Nominal carving: when carving a noun from two nouns: the rigid rock, جلمود "صخرة" من جلد+جمد شَقَحْطب"كبش ذو قرنين" من شق+حطب • Relational carving: when the word belongs to a person or a city: شفعنفي "شافعي حنفي" عبشمي"عبد شمس“

30. Word formation Processes in Arabic 2- Borrowing: This phenomenon refers to words borrowed from other languages, such as English words of Arabic origin (Alcohol, Al-gebra, zero, coffee; Camel; Jasmine; lemon; Sesame; Rice; Cotton; Doctor; Cave) • Arabic borrowed words from other languages: • Arabic words borrowed from languages such as: • بلكون او بلكونة: أصلها فارسيوهي الشرفة التي تطل من مبنى • بيجاما: أصلها فارسي باجامه • بويه: أصلها تركي بوياغ وتعني الطلاء • جاكيت انجليزية بمعنى سترة أو قميص • جورنال إنجليزية والصواب صحيفة • ديكتاتور كلمة لاتينية والصواب طاغية أو مستبد • ديكور إنجليزية والصواب زخرفة. • طاسة: كلمة فارسية الاصل وهي وعاء من النحاس يستخدم للشرب • طز: هي كلمة تركية تعني الملح • فاتورة إيطالية والصواب قائمة حساب • كانون: كلمة فارسية وتعني موقد النار • فرمان: كلمة فارسية وتعني أمر رسمي موقع من السلطان