Post World War I Nationalism

1. Post World War INationalism AP World History

2. Japan China Soviet Union Post World War I Nationalism Italy Germany India

3. Important Events Diplomacy Leader(s) People Economy Military

4. Italy

5. Leader(s) – Benito Mussolini • Working class family background • Early socialist, but switched • Formed Fasci di Combattimento party (Fascists) • Defended private property and class structure & prevented a communist revolution • Promised work & benefits • Blackshirts – Mussolini’s followers • Appointed prime minister & • Ended democratic rule & bans non-Fascist parties establishes a corporate state • Wanted to recapture the greatness & glory of the Roman Empire • Called himself El Duce

6. Important Events • 1920 – strikes in Lombardy and Piedmont (Mussolini supported) • 1922 – Fascists march on Rome & Mussolini appointed Prime Minister • 1924 – Fascists win a majority of seats in parliament • 1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis is signed

7. People • Post WW I – dissatisfied with Treaty of Versailles • Veterans, workers, and peasants unhappy • 1920 - Peasants seize land • Middle and upper classes feared a communist revolution • Many Italians opposed fascism, but most supported Mussolini

8. Diplomacy • Italy invades Ethiopia in 1935 • Mussolini wants to enhance Italy’s image as a world power • League of Nations imposes sanctions, but they do not work • 1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis

9. Economy • Economic downturn after WW I • Strikes, inflation, shortages of coal • Mussolini solved unemployment problem

10. Military • WW I veterans could not find work • Built up Italy’s armed forces • Army invaded Ethiopia in 1935

11. Germany

12. Leader(s) – Adolf Hitler • Austrian born • World War I veteran • Member of the National Socialist Workers’ Party • Led the Brownshirts • 1923 - Staged the “Beer Hall Putsch” – failed • Wrote Mein Kampf • Blamed Jews & Communists for losing war • Appealed to German’s sense of history • Becomes Chancellor in 1933 • Attacks Jews • Takes title of der Führer • Restores Germany’s military might • Ignored Versailles Treaty • Organizes Nazi youth movement

13. Important Events • 1919 – Germans elect an assembly which establishes a democratic republic called the Weimar Republic • 1923 – Ruhr Valley occupied by French troops & Beer Hall Putsch • 1929 – Great Depression in Germany • 1933 – Hitler becomes chancellor & Reichstag fire • 1934 – Purge of the Brownshirts • 1935 – Nuremburg Laws enacted • 1936 – Hitler and Mussolini sign the Berlin-Rome Axis • 1938 – Kristallnacht • 1938 - Austria is annexed – “One blood demands one Reich” • 1938 – Hitler demands and receives the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia (appeasement) at the Munich Conference

14. People • Blamed Weimar leaders for signing the Versailles Treaty • Widespread opposition to Weimar Leaders • Brownshirts – private army of veterans and street thugs • Hitler appealed to workers and industrialists • Political parties banned by Nazis • Labor unions taken over by Nazis • Churches controlled and clergy silenced • Jews – stripped of citizenship and right to hold office; barred from schools and destroyed business

15. Diplomacy • France - occupies the industrial Ruhr Valley • U.S. – provides loans to Germany – helps free Germany of debt • Adolf Hitler supports General Francisco Franco of the Spanish Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) he wanted Spanish iron ore and magnesium; prevent spread of communism; test new weapons and military tactics (blitzkrieg)

16. Economy • Allies set reparations at $35 billion • 1922 – Germany says it can not pay (industrial Ruhr Valley is occupied) • Inflation soared • Savings of Germans wiped out • Mid-1920s – France reaches compromise with Germany • U.S provides loans – Germany has 5-year period of prosperity • Great Depression (begins in 1929) – unemployment, etc.

17. Military • Treaty of Versailles limited the size of the Germany army • Hitler sought to restore Germany’s military might • German factories begin turning out guns, ammunition, airplanes, tanks, etc. • Government stresses importance of a strong military

18. Japan

19. Leader(s) • Emperor Hirohito – constitutional monarch • Influential military leaders – opposed to democratic reforms

20. Important Events • 1915 – Japan forces China to sign the Twenty-One Demands (eventually abandoned) • 1922- disarmament conference/ Japan becomes 3rd most powerful navy • 1923 – earthquake in Tokyo-Yokohama area • 1924 – U.S. bans Japanese immigration • 1925 – universal male suffrage • 1931 – invades Manchuria • 1937 – war with China begins • 1941 – attack on Pearl Harbor

21. Diplomacy • Twenty-One Demands makes China Japanese protectorate • Disarmament conference in Washington benefits Japan • Japanese army invades Manchuria • War with China (after Marco Polo Bridge clash) • Attack on Pearl Harbor, Singapore, and Dutch East Indies in 1941

22. People • 1872-1925 - population explosion from 35 million to 60 million • 1930s – militarism influences all aspects of Japanese life • Many democratically minded Japanese hoped Emperor would stop militarism • Working and middle class grows • Military dress was appealing • Universal male suffrage

23. Economy • Most of the Japanese economy was in hands of ziabatsu • Challenges of population density • World wide depression devastated silk factories and other industries • Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake affects economy • Land was scarce • Very few resources (especially iron ore, coal, and oil)

24. Military • Army leaders decide to invade NE China (after Mukden Incident) • Government could not control army • 1932 – assassinates a prime minister of Japan

25. India

26. Leader(s) • Jawaharlal Nehru - led the Hindus • Mohammed Ali Jinnah - led the Muslims • Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi - middle class background; pacifist who believed in civil disobedience • Indian National Congress & Muslim League – nationalist organizations that lead India to independence

27. Important Events • 1914 – Gandhi leaves South Africa for India • 1919 – Britain imposes harsh laws on India to stifle opposition • 1919 - Amritsar massacre • 1922 - British arrest Gandhi • 1930 - 200 mile march to the sea by Gandhi to protest the salt tax • 1935 - British parliament passes the Government of India Act – limited self rule for India

28. Diplomacy • India had no control over diplomacy until they achieved independence in 1948

29. People • Were urged to reject Western civilization (used brute force, worship of money, & prejudice) by Gandhi • Called Gandhi Mahatma or “great soul” • Boycotted British goods • Shocked by brutal massacre at Amritsar • Hindu-Muslim tension and conflict intensifies as India moves toward independence • Nationalists supported Britain in WW I, but eventually want complete independence for India • Some Indian’s want to remain in the British empire, but desire home-rule

30. Economy • Wheat from India fed Allied soldiers in WW I • Indian cotton clothed Allied troops • 1935 – agricultural put under provincial government’s control

31. Military • Indian soldiers fought for the British in World War I (Middle East & Africa)

32. China

33. Leader(s) • Sun Yat-sen – declares China a republic in 1912 • Yuan Shigai – ousts Sun Yat-sen in 1914 and establishes a dictatorship • Chiag Kai-shek – officer in the Kuomintang Army that defeats the warlords in 1928 and establishes a government in Nanjing • Mao Zedong – leader who leads the 100,000 communist troops on the Long March

34. Important Events • 1912 – Chinese republic declared • 1914 – Sun Yat-sen ousted • 1923 – Chiang kai-shek grows in power • 1925 – Sun Yat-sen dies • 1927 – communists fail to take over Kuomintang; Chiang purges them • 1931 – Japan invades Manchuria • 1934-35 – Long March (100,000 communists troops to 8,000)

35. Diplomacy • Versailles Treaty granted Shandong Peninsula to Japan – was humiliating and surprising to China • Japan invades in 1931 and controls most of eastern China by 1939

36. People • Shocked by Versailles Treaty • Peasants supported communists because they overthrew local landlords and redistributed their land to peasants

37. Economy • Agriculturally based economy with millions of peasants

38. Military • Warlords (military leaders) divided China amongst themselves in 1916 – civil war followed • Kuomintang Army battled Red Army in 1930s for control of China • Long March – retreat of communists • Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist’s forces and the Communist forces suspended their conflict with each other in order to concentrate on fighting the Japanese

39. Soviet Union

40. Leader(s) • Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) – Bolshevik leader; suffered a stroke in 1922 • Leon Trotsky – most important person in the communist party after Lenin; built the Red Army into an effective fighting force; believed in a world wide revolution; exiled to Siberia (and then expelled) by Stalin; assassinated in Mexico City • Joseph Stalin – skilled administrator; rose to general secretary of the Communist party; outmaneuvered Trotsky after Lenin’s death; believed in Soviet Union first in terms of revolution; had Trotsky murdered

41. Important Events • 1919 – Comintern established • 1921 – Lenin announces New Economic Policy (NEP) • 1922 – Official name changes to Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), new constitution written, and Lenin suffers two strokes • 1924 – Lenin dies • 1928 – Stalin declares end to NEP, announces Five Year Plans and collectivization • 1930s – series of purges by Stalin • Stalin seizes Ukraine’s grain results in death of millions • 1934 – Socialist realism art instituted • 1943 – Comintern dissolved

42. Diplomacy • Comintern established to encourage Communist parties in other countries to overthrow their governments by legal or illegal means

43. People • 27 million died in WW I, revolution, and civil war • Leadership of the communist party controlled the workers (was supposed to be the other way around) • Private businesses, small manufacturers and farmers allowed to operate under NEP • Peasant majority (farmers) were fiercely anticommunist – had prospered under NEP • Kulaks (prosperous peasants) – opposed collectivization • Millions of communist party members were expelled and sent to labor camps (purges) • Non-Russian nationalities suffered; Russians dominated Soviet Union • Thousands of peasants were killed when opposing collectivization; millions in the Ukraine starved

44. Economy • NEP – major industries under government control; small businesses allowed to operate • Five Year Plans – success in spurring industrial growth • Collectivization produced terrible results – opposition and starvation; Soviet union unable to feed its population

45. Military • Military leadership suffered as a result of purges – would take them years to recover