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Post World War I Nationalism. Chapter 15. Mexican Revolution. Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as a dictator for 35 years Welcoming foreign investors, Mexico appeared to be growing in peace and economy, however only an elite few benefitied Most people lived in poverty working on haciendas
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Post World War I Nationalism Chapter 15
Mexican Revolution • Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as a dictator for 35 years • Welcoming foreign investors, Mexico appeared to be growing in peace and economy, however only an elite few benefitied • Most people lived in poverty working on haciendas • Francisco Madero, demanding free elections, lead a rebellion that forced the resignation of Diaz in 1911
Revolution Leads to Change • President Carranza approved a new constitution (still used today) in 1917 that addressed land, religion, and labor. • Carranza was overthrown in 1920, and the Institutional Revolutionary Party took control of government in 1929 and accomomdated many groups in society (business, military, peasants, and workers) • Under the PRI Mexico’s government statbilized and many positive reforms were made (land distribution, schools)
Nationalism at Work in Latin America • Mexico wanted to reclaim its oil fields from foreign investors • Economic- emphasis on home control of the economy • Political- Stronger authoritarian governments rose in Latin America amid the economic crisis • Cultural- pride in one’s own culture was reflected in mural paintings (Diego Rivera) • Good Neighbor Policy- US pledge to lessen its interference in the affairs of Latin American nations
AfricaAfrica Resists Colonial Rule • During WWI more that 1 million Africans fought on behalf of their colonials rulers, hoping their service would lead to more rights and opportunities. • As European countries wanted to maintain their profits from cash crops, many Africans were impoverished and living in famine as not enough food was being grown. • Instead the situation stayed the same or was worse
Opposing Imperialism • Many Western-educated Africans criticized the injustice of colonial rule, however most good jobs went to Europeans • As in other parts of the world, the ideas of socialism found growing audiences
Racial Segregation and Nationalism in South Africa • From 1910 to 1940 whites strengthened their grip on S.A., imposing a system of racial segregation (economic , political and social white supremacy) • 1948- Apartheid (policy of rigid segregation) became a law
Nationalism and an Africa for Africans • Pan-Africanism- unity of Africans and people of African decent worldwide • “Africa for Africans”- Marcus Garvey
Pan-African Congress Forges Ties • A. American scholar W.E.B. Dubois organized the Pan-African Congress in 1919 • Delegates from US, African colonies, and the West Indies called on the Paris peacemakers to approve a charter of rights for Africans (demands ignored, but it established cooperation)
The Negritude Movement Shows Pride • French speaking writers in West Africa and the Caribbean expressed pride in their African roots and protested colonial rule
Egypt Gains Independence • 1922- after the war, riots, protests, and strikes forced Britain to grant Egypt their independence (GB still controlled the monarchy)
Ataturk Sets Goals • Mustafa Kemal overthrew the Ottoman sultan, defeated the Greeks (who claimed the lands after WWI), and declared Turkey a republic (Greeks leave Turkey, 1.3 million) • Kemal took the name Ataturk (“father of the Turks”) • Goal was to modernize Turkey along Western lines and separate religion from government
Westernization Transform Turkey • Government built railroads, factories, and hired westerners to advise on how to make Turkey economically independednt • Ruled with an iron hand…many questioned his dictatorial powers and his rejection of religion in law
Nationalism and Reform at Work in Persia • Ataturks success inspired the neighboring Persians • Reza Khan overthrew the shah, and rushed to modernize Persia (factories, roads, railroads and strenghtened the army) • Forced Persians to wear western clothes and set up modern secular schools • Persuaded the Brits to give Persian a larger share of the oil profits
Arab Nationalism in the Middle East • Oil became a major factor throughout the Middle East as gas powered vehicles in WWI showed that oil was the fuel of the future • Foreign companies began to move in the Middle East to exploit its large oil reserves
Par-Arabism Grows • Nationalist movement built on the shared heritage of Arabs, living in lands from the Arabian Peninsula to to North America (Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco) • Sought to free Arabs from foreign domination and unite them in their own state
Betrayal at the Peace Conference • Arabs believed their contribution to the Allies in WWI would give them independence after the war • Instead the Allies carved up the Ottoman lands, giving France and Britain mandates to many Arab nations • Arabs felt betrayed by the West, leading to protests and revolts against Western Imperialism • Center of turmoil was the British mandate of Palestine
Promises in Palestine • During WWI the Allies made two conflicting promises to the Arabs • 1-Promised Arabs their own kingdoms in the former Ottoman lands, including Palestine • 2-Balfour Declaration (attempting to win support of European Jews) advocating the idea of setting up a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine
A Bitter Struggle Begins • 1919-1940- thousands of Jews migrated to Palestine due to the Zionist movement and anti-Semitism in Europe • Jews worked to modernize and also established farming communities • Some Arabs welcomed the new money, however tensions between the two groups rose • Even today, the two groups fight for control over the land that the Jews call Israel and the Arabs call Palestine
