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Motivation in Sport and Exercise

Motivation in Sport and Exercise. Ailsa Anderson 10th November 2005. Definition *. Motivation is the internal and external influences that account for the: 1. Initiation 2. Direction 3. Intensity 4. Persistence of behaviour (Geen et al., 1984).

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Motivation in Sport and Exercise

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  1. Motivation in Sport and Exercise Ailsa Anderson 10th November 2005

  2. Definition * • Motivation is the internal and external influences that account for the: • 1. Initiation • 2. Direction • 3. Intensity • 4. Persistence of behaviour • (Geen et al., 1984)

  3. Why is motivation a central * concept in psychology? • Understanding an individual’s motives helps us explain behaviour • In S&EP aim to enhance motivation to improve outcome cognitions, emotions and behaviour • e.g., improved performance • e.g., increased physical activity

  4. Social Exchange Theory *(Thibault & Kelley, 1959) • Social behaviour is motivated by the desire to maximize positive and minimize negative experiences • Weigh up the costs and benefits • Individuals will remain in relationships or activities as long as the outcome is favourable

  5. * Example: 15 year old female netballer • Enjoys playing netball, has fun, feels competent, keeps fit • But// doesn’t like getting sweaty, its takes a lot of time (every night after school) • It’s not as much fun as hoped it would be because she doesn’t get much court time • Her friends have started to go to the mall and hang out with some boys and she’d like to do that too. • = DROPS OUT!

  6. Sport commitment (Scanlan et al., 1993) * • A psychological construct representing the desire and resolve to continue sport participation • And persist even in face of adversity

  7. 1. Sport enjoyment * • A positive affective response to the sport experience that reflects generalized feelings such as pleasure and fun • Major construct • Research supports role of enjoyment in enhancing motivation in youth and elite sport

  8. Scanlan et al., (1989) – Sources* of enjoyment in skaters • 1) Social and life opportunities • Friendships/ competitions and touring/ family and coach relationships • 2) Perceived competence • Demonstrate ability/ competition and performance achievements • 3) Social recognition of competence • Acknowledgement of achievements by others

  9. Cont- * • 4) Act of skating • Movement sensations/ athleticism • 5) Special cases • Sense of specialness

  10. All Blacks * • 93% confirmed enjoyment influenced commitment • ‘Definitely, yes. I said earlier that if I ever stopped enjoying rugby it would be the day that I gave up…I see it as very important, if not the most important aspect of playing for the All Blacks, or playing any sport really’

  11. 2. Involvement alternatives * • Attractiveness of the most preferred alternative(s) to continued participation in the current endeavour • E.g., join band/ play another sport/ hang out • Family/ work priorities • Having more attractive alternatives available will decrease SC

  12. All Blacks * • Mixed results – some felt strengthened/ others lessened commitment/ some no effect • ‘If it came to the fact that it was costing me money in terms of work and putting pressure on my partner, then my commitment to the All Blacks would probably diminish,… I’m not at that point’

  13. 3. Personal investments * • Personal resources that can be put into the activity that cannot be recovered if participation is discontinued • E.g., time, effort, money • Temporal influence • Greater investment = greater commitment

  14. Links with Athletic Identity * (Brewer et al., 1993) • ‘Extent to which an individual relates to the role of an athlete’ • How invested is the individual in athletics/ sport

  15. All Blacks * • 57% of players felt it increased commitment • ‘Commitment to past commitment. Looking back… the work I’ve put in does drive me to continue as long as I can’

  16. 4. Social constraints * • Social expectations or norms which create feelings of obligation to remain in the activity • Social pressure to continue • Stay to avoid negative sanctions if leave • Influences control have over participation

  17. All Blacks * • Consistent with previous research (e.g. Carpenter & Scanlan, 1998) no relationship was found between SC and commitment • ‘No, it’s not for other people, it’s myself’

  18. 5.Involvement opportunities * • Valued opportunities that are present only through continued involvement • E.G., chance of mastery/ chance to be with friends/ go on trips/ remain fit • High ratings of involvement opportunities increases SC

  19. All Blacks * • 50% thought it was important in enhancing commitment • ‘The All Blacks have tours all the time…they travel to different countries and only basically the All Blacks do that, and that’s one of the great things about being an All Black is that you go on good tours….It really gives you a great opportunity to do things that if you weren’t there, you would never dream of doing’

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