ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND PLANT NUTRITION

1. ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND PLANT NUTRITION Dr. PéterCsathó

2. ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND PLANT NUTRITION    1. History of agriculture and soil fertility 2. Basic principles and methods of soil tests (30 slides) 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis4. Types of Plant Nutrition Experiments5. Principles and method of nutrient balance 6. Plant nutrition and environmental aspectsof soil pH and lime status 7. Assessing of organic farming from the aspect of sustainable plant nutrition 8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition 10. The basics of environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system : Evaluation of the database of Hungarian long-termfield NPK fertilization exeriments11. The structure of environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system 12. Comparative evaluation of the environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system, and its application in case of some farms

3. 6. Plant nutrition and environmental aspectsof soil pH and lime status ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY POWER PLANTS

4. It is estimated that 3950million hectares of the Earth's land surface is covered with acid soils. Only 4.5% (179 million hectares) of acidic soils are utilized as arable land. (Von Uexküll és Mutert, 1985).   The world's acidic soils (left), and rainfall map (right) (acidic soils Map: Von Uexküll and studio, 1985) 6. Plant nutrition and environmental aspectsof soil pH and lime status

5. The phosphorus fixation versus pH 2. A talajvizsgálatok alapelvei és módszerei

6. The harmful consequences of soil acidificationcation immobility (ezt nem értem, itt melyik kationra gondol, nem a Ca, Mg kilúgzásra?)Ca, Mg, K balance is disrupted, relative shortageToxic accumulation  of heavy metals (Fe, Mn ) and AlAdsorption of some elements (P, Mo) making them unavailable for plantsThe reduction of e N and P supply (unsaturated humic substances are generated)The amount of unsaturation increasesDeterioration of soil structure, water and air management and tillage Fertilizer efficiency reduce s(Blasko, 2007) 6. Plant nutrition and environmental aspectsof soil pH and lime status

8. Cultivated plants pH optimum (Klapp 1951) 6. Plant nutrition and environmental aspectsof soil pH and lime status

9. 6. Plant nutrition and environmental aspectsof soil pH and lime status

10. In case of soils with high nutrient capital, mobilization prevails , in case of soils with low nutrient capital the direct fertilizer effects of Ca and CO2 prevail.Quicklime decomposes humus and the mineral parts of soil particularly strong. A significant impact of lime is expected in case of soils that are rich in humus.However, the effect of re-liming the soil without (farmyard manure) reduces and the soils can depleted rapidly. The nutrient capital of sandy soils is modest, thus without plentiful organic fertilization liming (overliming) of sandy soils can become a disadvantage. 6. Plant nutrition and environmental aspectsof soil pH and lime status

11. Prjanyisnyikov (1945) comprehensively reviewed the question of liming and its history. In England marlstone and lime were used during the Roman Empire , which is considered as the forces of the soil and richness for them. In the new era, in the 1800s England applied lime most intensively. Here came the disappointment, because no distinction was made between manure (FYM) and marl and the one-sided over-liming had undesirable consequences. The mistakes of the past and empiricism, were explored and remedied by practice research (Rothamsted). 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

12. In France, marlstone was also used at the time of the Romans according to Plinius. In the new era lime was used mainly in Ca-poor areas formed on granite, where till the end of the 1880s, three field system prevailed with the most undemanding plants such as rye and millet. When the railway network is built up, lime became available and it was possible to terminate the primitive three field. Clovers were introduced into the crop rotation system , animal husbandry prospered. The Application of clover crops + farmyard manure made the soils fertile and wheat could be grown. This was followed later by the use of fertilizers and on soils treated with farmyard manure and lime. Thus In Brittany that is close to the sea a more intensive farming could develop, because lime was transported through the sea, while the more remote areas remained poor and infertile. 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

13. In Germany quicklime appeared in the 1600s, as commercial goods for soil liming and it was delivered on the river Rhine. In Northern areas, in Silesia meadow lime sludge was used, while elsewhere was local marlstone was utilized. The effect of marlstone was often larger , than that of manure. The generally accepted conclusion was that "the application of marlstone lifted northern Germany from poverty to wealth and it created fertile lands from barren wastelands. When at the end of the 1800s, the areas were over limed, opposing opinions became widespread. ".The Liming make the father rich and impoverish the father sons' At this time in England it is also recognized that "Lime and lime without manure will make both soil and farmer poor." Slowly it become accepted in the light of the long-term experiments in Rothamsted that liming must be completed with the application of farmyard manure, legumes, fertilizers, crop rotation systems in intensive farming. 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

14. Farmers in the Netherlands and northern Germany learnt the lesson after many unsuccessful years from their farming experiences . On acidic infertile sandy soils they used limed , P and K fertilizers and sown legumes. Liming has played a basic role in the cultivation of Denmark’s acidic plains. After several unsuccessful attempts of pine tree planting (Jutlandia), which are extinct in turn, they used lime and manure and clovers, and as an effect, they proceeded with successful cultivation of cereals. Thus, these areas have become the world's most fertile areas with dense population and vast agricultural exports. At the end of the 1800s Russia's leading scientists (Sztebut, Mendeleev, Engelhart, Kosztücsev, Prjanyisnyikov) clearly established that rational agricultural production (here culture) in the northern area with acidic podzol can not be formed without liming, which is the basis for intensive farming and animal husbandry . Pot and field tests have demonstrated the effectiveness of liming. Liming here is a precondition, without liming soil can not be fertile and healthy, and vegetation, animal life and human communities can not exist without it. 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

15. Arable soils of the irrigated ancient cultures (Mesopotamia, the Nile region, China and Japan) produced exceptional yields At the area between the Tigris and Euphrates around 2500 BC. 80-300-fold barley crop were reported. These soils were rich in lime, as the irrigation water was calcareous. The river sediments were plant and animal by-products used as a fertilizer. Where the lime status of the soil could not be maintained as in one part of the Roman Empire, liming spread. 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

16. The history of land reclamation its methods and results in HungaryIn the late 1700s Tessedik Samuel Lutheran pastor made his mark in improving the lime-free alkaline soils. He proclaimed the soil improving effect of applying lime (marlstone), gypsum and farmyard manure. The application of marlstone has become a tradition among farmers living close to Szarvas. on.The comprehensive scientific reclamation is associated with the names of 'Sigmond Elek and Peter Treitz, due to their work soil improvement became one of the objectives of the Agricultural Policy. Tessedik Sámuel (1742-1820) ‘Sigmond Elek (1873-1939) i6. Plantnutrition and environmental aspectsof soil pH and lime status

17. The improvement of saline soils started in 1928 and since then we can talk about an organized, state-supported soil reclamation in Hungary. 'Sigmond identified the calcium (lime), Na (salt) and H (acidic) soils. There was an extensive campaign to educate farmers. The soils of candidate farmers were examined by experts (They decided whether it can be improved or not, they determined the lime requirement). Improving soils poor in lime happened based on the financial assistance of the owners, the purchase of lime of granted by the Hungarian state . The farmers had to transported the liming material from the nearest railway station and they had to placed it on their field. For the request of the farmers lived in West and North Hungary this grant also extended to the acid arable land, meadows and pastures. During the years of 1933-38 economic crisis the grant was suspended and then restarted. Lime was provided by the Central Soil Reclamation Committee based on the on-site soil tests performed by experts. The lime was transported to the station the rest was the farmers’ task. For liming farmers received long-term loan sponsored by the government. 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

18. In 1949 the National Soil Reclamation Company is founded to improve saline and acidic soils to give expert recommendation for soil fertilization and irrigation. The experts of the company visited the farmers ,carried out soil investigations, gave recommendation and carried out liming if farmers ordered it. In 1950 the Ministry of Agriculture created a separate Department of Irrigation and soil reclamation and founded the Research Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry to test soils and to develop, agro-technical soil conservation methods . Based on analysis of 600 state farms Géczy (1967) concludes that the costs of Amelioration Liming Investment return within two years expressed in gross value, or within 4 years expressed in net income. Since liming has 10-20 years aftereffect in most parts of the country, it can be considered as a specially economic investment. Prettenhoffer detected 1-2% lime in the plowed layer even after 20 years of liming in the Great Plain. 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

19. Various forms of fertilizers recommended to soils with different pH (After sarkadi, 1984) name of fertilizer Active ingredient content, Primarily recommended areas with pHKCl N P2O5 K2O CaO MgO ammonium sulphate 20.5 - - - - above 7.6 Ammonium nitrate with lime 25-28 - - 17-20 - x Ammonium nitrate with dolomite 25-28 - - 10 2 x Ammonium nitrate 34 - - - - above 6.5 Urea 45-46 - - - - between 5.0-8.0 Nitrosol-28 28 - - - - above 5.6 Hidronit-80 30 - - - - above 5.6 Superphosphate (gran.) - 18 - 25-30 - above 5.0 Superphosphate (p) - 18 - 25-30 - above 6.0 Mg superphosphate - 18 - 25-30 2.5 above 5.0 Triplefphosphate - 46 - 10 - x Hiperphosphate - 29 - 48 1 below 5.5 soft rock phosphate - 29-32 - 42-50 - below 5.5 Potassium chloride - - 40 - 2 above 5.0 Potassium chloride - - 50 - 1 above 5.0 Potassium chloride - - 60 - - above 5.0 Kali KAMEX - - 40 - 4 below 6.0 Potassium Sulfate - - 50 - 1 above 5.0 x = at soils with any type of acidity 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

20. The amount CaCO3 necessary to neutralize the effect of acidifying fertilizers (Sarkadi 1975 and Buzás et al. 1986 ) • Fertilizer agent CaCO3 requirement (kg) for 1 kg of active ingredient : Ammonium sulphate N 5.3 to 7.1 Urea N 1.8-2.5 Anhydrous aqueous ammonia N 1.8-2.5 Ammonium nitrate N 1.8-2.8 Superphosphate P2O5 0.7 Potassium chloride (KCl), potassium sulfate K2O 1.0 Mono-ammonium phosphate N, P2O5 5.0 to 6.8 UAN solution N 2.3 Rockphosphate P2O5 -0.3 Triplephosphate P2O5 0.7 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

21. The characterization of acidic soils in Hungary 6. Plant nutrition and environmental aspectsof soil pH and lime status

22. The results of the soil test cycle, according to the spatial distribution of acid soils were as follows (Kulcsar 1987): The results of the soil test cycle, according to the spatial distribution of acid soils were as follows (Kulcsar 1987): Acidic soils in Hungary(Máté 1972) 6. Plant nutrition and environmental aspectsof soil pH and lime status

23. 2. The distribution of acidic soils in Hungary according to the results of the 2. soil test cycle, (Kulcsar 1987): pHKCl : < 4,50 : 250 thousand ha; pHKCl : 4,51-5,50: 750 thousand ha; pHKCl : 5,51-6,50: 1 100 thousand ha. These soils cover nearly quarter-of about 2.1 million hectares of our country utilized agricultural area . According to their origin, the majority of the acid soils belong to thedifferent typesof brown forest soils and smaller part belongs to the meadow soils. The most popular ones are clay- brown forest soils . 6. Plant nutrition and environmental aspectsof soil pH and lime status

24. Distribution of acid soils types in Hungary. (Máté, 1972) 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

25. The sensitivity of the Hungarian for acidifying (Várallyay et al., 1993) 1. Strongly acidic soils. 2. Highly sensitive, soils with low-buffering capacity (slightly acid, light soils with low organic content). 3. Sensitive, soils with medium buffering capacity (loam, slightly acidic soils containing medium organic material). 4. Moderately sensitive, soils with high buffering capacity (slightly acidic, high clay / organic matter content ). 5. Low-sensitive soils (lime-free saline soils). 6 not sensitive to acidification ,(calcareous soils) (Murányi 1987, Várallyay et al., 1993). 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

26. In Hungary the acid load of farmlands during the period of intensive fertilization in 1985 and the extensive period in 2000 were as follows: Year kg / ha H+/year mM H+/ kg soil / year Source 1985 7.5 2.5 Murányi and Rédlyné, 1986 2000 4.5 1.5 Csathó and Csillag, 2002 Due to the drastically reduced fertilizer use in 2000 there was a 60% decline in acid load related to the previous level . 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

27. The practice of soil liming in Hungary 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

28. Liming may be necessary if : • The soil is so poor in lime materials that it can not meet the lime requirements of plant 2. The soil is poor in alkaline lime compounds (Ezt a lúgos kémhatást kivenném, mert a mész mivel nem oldható nem is lugos kémhatású szerintem, bár kétségkívűl semlegesíti a savanyú kémhatást, mert reakcióba lép a savval)and therefore it is acidic which is unfavorable from the aspect of crop development. 3. The adsorption complex is poor in lime, and therefore the soil is too heavy and it has not got an aggregated structure. 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

29. The calculation of the required lime amount In Hungary the amount of lime for the neutralization of acidic soilsis calculated based on y1 and Ka values of the soil, wher y1 is the hydrolytic acidity ( Erre kellene valami magyarázat: y1 characterises the H+ ion concentration both in the soil solution and on the colloid surface)The hydrolytic acidityvalues were determined according to Kappen (1929). The samples were treated with 0.5 M/dm3 Ca-acetate solution adjusted to pH 8.2 in the ratio of 1:2.5). The suspensions were shaken at room temperature for one hour then filtrated. The filtrates were titrated with 0.1 M/dm3 NaOH solution in presence of phenolphthalein indicator and the hydrolytic acidity values were calculated from the amount of alkali consumed (0.1 M/dm3 NaOH cm3 for 50 g soil). Ka is a nuber that characterises the soil texture. It gives the amount of water that is added to 100g soil to reach the upper limit of plasticity The amount of lime needed for soil improvement is determined by the following table the soil CaCO3 requirement KA number t / ha <30 0.348 y1 30-40 0.522 y1 40-50 0.696 y1 > 50 0.870 y1 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

30. Lime requiremets of Hungarian acidic soils According to Filep György It is generally accepted that the objective of liming is to rise the soil pH (Measured in aqueous suspension)to 6.5. Lime requirement can be calculated only by empirical formulas, using the above soil characteristics. (pHKCI and KA) 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

31. The calculation is: In the first step of the soil saturation (V%) were estimated from pHKCI based on the equation given, by Filep and Csubák : V% = 156.9 pHKCI - 14.6 (pHKCI)2 - 349 (1) The relationship is valid only for acidic soils, if pHKCI<5.5. If the pHKCI greater than 5.5, pH measured in aqueous suspension [pH (H2O)] is usually greater than 6.3 to 6.4, so amelioration liming is not needed. The saturation (V% ) and unsaturation value (V-100%) can be only used for the calculation of lime requirement if we know the cation exchange capacity of the soil (T value), (100 V%) .T / 100 = (1-S / T). T = TS, (2) where S = (Ca + Mg + Na + K) mgEW/ 100g = amount of exchangeable bases; (TS) = the amount of adsorbed H+ and Al3+ expresses in mgEW 100g soil . On Acidic soils the relationship between the T value and KA is the following: T ≈ 0.64 KTHE - 8.05; (R = 0.81) (3) As previously demonstrated (Filep and Csubák, 1990) that lime requirement needed to raise the soil pH [pH (H2O)] to 6.5 can be estimated from T-S value fairly accurately, additional calculations were carried out with the following equation: CaCO3 t / ha = M (T-S) · ρ · E / 10, (4) where (T-S) mgEW/ 100g; ρ = bulk density of the soil, g / cm3; M is the soil layer thickness in meters; E = CaCO3equivalent weight = 50. If ρ = 1.5 (average value); M = 20 cm = 0.20m, then ρ · M · E / 10 = 1.5 x 0.2 x 5 = 1.5. so CaCO3 t / ha = (T-S) 1.5 (5) lime requirement calculated above is presented by the authors in a separate table. From chronological scheduling point of view - those soil should be prioritized, which pHKCl is 4.5 or less than 4.5. For soils which pHKCl is between 5 and 5.5 , 80-90% of the value obtained by equation (5) may be sufficient. 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

32. The distribution of acidic soils in Hungary according to pH and texture (thousand hectare) texture pH <4.5 pH <5.5 Sand 69 168 sandy loam 39 168 loam 22 128 clay loam 40 205 Clay 60 273 Total, thousand ha 230 942 Lime requirement, million t 3.6 9.2 (8.7) (8.1) Lime requirement , t / ha 15.8 9.8 (8.8) (7.8) 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

33. It is estimated that in Hungary the amount of calciumtaken upby plants was 181 thousand tons annually at the average of the years 1970-75 (Győr, 1984). The Ca loss caused by erosion was 1.5 million tons, of which 5% (that is 75 thousand tons) can be calculated as agrochemical Ca loss. 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

34. Soil improvement materials to be used Industrial lime powder Quicklime waste limestone Bog lime marlstone Beet potash Other factory by-products 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

35. Land reclamation in Hungary, 1901-2000 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

36. The effect of pH (KCl) (on control plots), y1, texture and soil type on the utilization of lime treatment in Hungarian liming experiments in 1950-2000. (Csathó, 2000) megj: a talajtípus rövidítése nem érthető

37. Y = (0.77 / x) - 4.72; r = 0.44 ** n = 68th Correlation between the soil pH (KCl) , the relative crops and crop surplus , respectively according to the Hungarian field liming trials database, 1950-2000. (Csathó, 2001) 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

38. The effect of liming on lean grass Cd concentration on acidic sandy soil, mg / kg. (Jaszberenyi, 1979). 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects

39. 6. A soil pH and lime plant nutritional status and environmental aspects