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Age of the Reformation III

Age of the Reformation III. Erasmus, Zwingli, and Calvin. Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536. Born out of wedlock to a Dutch priest Gerard and a physicians daughter Margaret After his mother died his guardians stole his inheritance and forced him into a monastery

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Age of the Reformation III

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  1. Age of the Reformation III Erasmus, Zwingli, and Calvin

  2. Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536 • Born out of wedlock to a Dutch priest Gerard and a physicians daughter Margaret • After his mother died his guardians stole his inheritance and forced him into a monastery • 1486-1491 was a monk and became thoroughly disgusted with the institution • Obtained a bishops patronage, gained license to become a priest, and fled the monastery • Studied at the universities of Paris and Orleans • He had a pointy head

  3. pointy head hiding under hat

  4. Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536 • He survived mainly by patronage living off the many “gifts” given to him for his clever writing • Studied classics incessantly and was a deep thinker, called the father of Christian Humanism • Wrote prolifically, including many works which criticized monks, priests, and the papacy • His most notable work was a Greek New Testament with Latin translation • He was continually in and out of favor with the papacy

  5. Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536 • He loved peace, but also morality and wanted true reform within the church • Lived Latin, he spoke very little of any other language including his native Dutch • Courted the favor of Pope Leo X, but never stopped criticizing the immoral things he did • He was too Protestant to be Catholic and too Catholic to be Protestant, he never stopped trying to reform the church, but was never willing to be a “reformer”.

  6. Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536 • Luther, Zwingli and most other reformers looked to Erasmus for teaching though he conflicted with Luther often • Luther was said to have “hatched the egg Erasmus laid” • Erasmus and Luther debated heatedly over the issue of Free Will, neither ever admitting the other was right • He died Feb. 12 1536 without a priest repeating “O Jesus, have mercy; Lord, deliver me; Lord make an end’ Lord, have mercy upon me!”

  7. Ulrich Zwingli Huldreich Huldrych Ulrich Zwingel Zwingle Zwingli

  8. Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531 • Was born 7 weeks after Luther, Jan 1, 1484 • His father was a town magistrate his mother the sister of a priest making him middle class • Grew up in a small town raised with Catholic doctrine by his family • Started college at 14 and finished with a master of arts in 1506 • Bought the pastorship of Glarus where he taught until 1516 • Was a humanist and a patriot, but not particularly religious

  9. Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531 • Protested strongly against Swiss mercenaries • Was unchaste in the fashion of the day • 1516 due to political pressure he transferred to Einsiedeln where he studied scripture and the early church fathers • 1517 Started preaching against the abuses in the church, including a rejection of indulgences • He received a papal pension until 1520 • In Zurich he preached expositorially through the New Testament and gained great fame • 1519 became chief pastor in the Zurich Grossmünster, the primary Swiss church

  10. Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531 • He began preaching even more strongly against the sins that stemmed from the Catholic church • Zurich was struck by plague and Zwingli helped until he became infected as well • Lent 1522 Zwingli preached and wrote a tract rejecting the Lenten dietary laws • Gathered a petition from 10 priests endorsing clerical marriage, but was rejected

  11. Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531 • The petition was rejected, but Zwingli entered into a secret marriage anyway • 1523 Published the 67 articles which inspired debate throughout Switzerland • 1524 Zurich and a few other cantons accept the evangelical position and become protestant • Two years after their secret marriage Anna Reinhart and Zwingli get married • The Protestants start mass icon destruction • Zwingli instituted the symbolic communion

  12. Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531 • 1529 The protestants and Catholics started meeting in open war in Cappel • Against the advice of Zwingli several of the protestant cantons sought peaceful negotiations • They negotiated peace but didn’t gain all of the hoped for concessions • 1531 The second battle of Cappel occurred as was inevitable • Zwingli led his troops and was injured while tending the wounded, later he was slain, his body burned, ashes mixed with a swine’s and scattered

  13. John Calvin 1509-1564 • Born July 10, 1509 in Noyon la Sainte • Calvin grew up well educated in a noble family • At 12 he received the tonsure and the revenue of a chaplaincy in the cathedral of Noyon • At 14 he entered college studying first in Paris then in Orleans and Bourges • At 18 he received the charge of S. Martin • A good student, religious and not prone to excesses, was nicknamed “The Accusative”

  14. John Calvin 1509-1564 • Calvin studied the humanities: law, philosophy, and theology • He was an exceptional student who was teaching as often as taking classes • 1532-33 Calvin converted to Protestantism • Shortly after his conversion he became a leading figure in the French evangelical party • Paris started a mass persecution of Protestants leading Calvin to flee to Basel where he wrote the first edition of The Institutes

  15. John Calvin 1509-1564 • 1536 Calvin continued his travels through Switzerland and went to Geneva where he planned to spend the night • William Farel convinced him to stay and become pastor in Geneva • Calvin was well received and started preaching and reforming Geneva into a moral city • He endorsed the enforcement of moral laws by magistrates throughout Geneva which caused great discontent

  16. John Calvin 1509-1564 • All citizens were forced to take an oath of confession or be banished • The moral laws and forced confession caused the reformers to be expelled from Geneva • Calvin moved to Strassburg where he lived poorly but happily • He taught both in churches and universities learning much of/from the Lutherans • Started the “little French church” for the many French refugees

  17. John Calvin 1509-1564 • 1540 in Strassburg Calvin married Idelette de Bure a member of his congregation. • In the meantime Geneva suffered from a lack of preaching and leadership and ultimately decided to call back the reformers • Strassburg and Geneva fought over Calvin, and Calvin ultimately and somewhat unwillingly returned to Geneva • Geneva as a result was dramatically reformed, especially in the enforcement of moral law

  18. John Calvin 1509-1564 • Geneva epitomized the union of church and state, being led by Calvin’s moral dictates • Immoral behavior included dancing, gambling, drunkenness, frequenting taverns, profanity, luxury, excesses of entertainment, extravagant or immodest dress, singing licentious or irreligious songs and were all punishable by censure, fine, or imprisonment • The death penalty was allowed only for heresy, idolatry, blasphemy, and repeated adultery

  19. John Calvin 1509-1564 • Miguel Servetus fleeing execution for heresy in France stopped temporarily in Geneva • Calvin had him arrested, he was then tried, found a heretic, and burned at the stake • The Servetus incident was a particularly black mark on Geneva and Calvin, belying much of the Protestant preached freedom • 1563 Calvin became sick, then bed ridden eventually dying peacefully at home in May of 1564

  20. Calvin’s Theology • Predestination • Double predestination, God appoints the elect to heaven and the damned to hell • “O man who art thou that repliest against God?” • Infant Baptism • An evidence of membership in the church and an inspiration to a later on moral life • Infant Salvation • Only if the parents were believers

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