Age of the Reformation IV

1. Age of the Reformation IV Anabaptists, and the English Reformation

2. Anabaptists Catabaptistae Anti-Pædobaptists Credobaptists Widertäufer Heretics Brethren Beleivers Christians Anabaptists

4. Anabaptists • A history of radicalism • Zwickau Prophets in Wittenberg (1521-1525) • Had visions, dreams, and talked to God and Gabriel • Rejected the written word, regular ministry, and infant baptism • Preached the overthrow of all in the Millennium • Inspired the Peasants war

5. Anabaptists • Münster Rebellion (1532-1536) • Anabaptist stronghold revolted • Became “New Jerusalem” 1534 • The leader died leading a charge of 30 men while declaring he was Gideon • Came under the leadership of “King David” aka Jan Beukelszoon who instituted polygamy • January 1536 the town was lost and the rebels tortured, publicly executed and then displayed

6. Anabaptists • Pacifist Anabaptism • Menno Simmons an ex-Roman Catholic priest • Joined other Anabaptists under a pacifist teacher • After Münster he allowed many to join the pacifist sect having greatest influence in the Netherlands • He guided and solidified Dutch Anabaptism resulting in them being renamed Mennonites

7. Anabaptists • Swiss or mainstream Anabaptism • Led by Grebel, Manz, Blaurock, and Hübmaier • Three main doctrinal points • Believers Baptism • Separation of Church and State • Separation from the world/ungodliness • No specific mode of baptism • Believed in symbolic baptism/communion • Wrote many hymns

8. Anabaptists • Persecution of Anabaptists in Switzerland • Debated Zwingli without result Re: infant baptism • Zwingli ordered all infants baptized or they and their families would be exiled • Anabaptist responded with a procession through town declaring “Woe, woe unto Zurich!” • 6 Anabaptists were executed leading to a nation wide persecution • Swiss persecution emphasized exile and drowning upon return rather than instant execution, though they still martyred quite a few Anabaptists

9. Anabaptists • German/Austrian Persecution • Much more severe, taking Luther’s violent words and putting them to action • Even worse in Catholic controlled areas with thousands of martyred rather than hundreds • Behead those who recant, burn those who refuse

10. English Reformation • A non-radical or extremist reformation • Started with a tradition of conservatism and honest reform, rather than a radical break from Rome • Cardinal Thomas Wolsey was Chancellor of the realm, bishop of Winchester, ran the abbey of St. Albans, and was archbishop of York • He loved luxury and wanted to become pope, so had no real interest in breaking with Rome

11. English Reformation • Wolsey championed the “new learning” and criticized the abuses taking place in the monastery • Remodeled Oxford and funded professorships in theology and classics • Obtained papal sanction and suppressed ~40 monasteries • He declined to allow Henry VIII’s divorce and was deprived of office then arrested as a traitor • He died on the way to trial

12. English Reformation • Wolsey was replaced by Sir Thomas More who was a great example of an English Reformer • A good friend of Erasmus, he was well educated and dedicated to reformation of the Catholics • Wrote a book entitled Utopia • After becoming Chancellor he continued to carry out the reforms of Wolsey • He assented to Henry’s divorce, but unwillingly hoping to gain a break from papal taxes rather than a break from Rome

13. The English Bible • Cambridge scholar William Tyndale requested permission to translate the bible • He was rejected then traveled to Hamburg to translate in secret • 1526 he first printed the NT, 1530 portions of the OT followed. • The bible was badly received by scholars due to many inaccuracies, Thomas More wrote thousands of pages of refutation against it.

14. The English Bible • The Bishop of London bought up all of the 15,000 copies he could find and burnt them. This financed many later printings • Tyndall’s version provided a basis for all later English translations of the bible • A newer version translated by Miles Coverdale used the Vulgate instead of Greek and Hebrew • The Coverdale bible was neither officially oppressed or supported • 1537 Matthew’s Bible a mix of Tyndale and Coverdale was printed

16. The English Bible • 1539 the “Great Bible” was printed • It was the officially accepted version that had been carefully translated by bishops • With it’s release it was ordered that every parish be furnished with a bible and that access to it would be made available to all

17. Henry VIII • Henry VIII was second in line to become king behind his brother Arthur who married Catharine of Aragon • His brother died and Henry became Prince of Wales (crown prince) at 11 years old • After his fathers death in order to maintain ties with Spain he married Catharine in 1509 • He received a special dispensation from pope Julius II allowing him to marry his brothers wife

18. Henry VIII • After 7 pregnancies and only one daughter to show for it, Henry became dissatisfied with Catharine as he wanted a male heir • He pursued the sister of his mistress named Anne Boleyn who wouldn’t have him without first being married • He sought a divorce with the “Spanish Cow” • The pope didn’t want to grant the divorce due to various political problems

19. Henry VIII • Henry in response declared the popes authority non-effective in England • This was not a break with the church and Henry was a good Catholic, he just wanted his desires more than he wanted the church • Without need for papal consent he was easily divorced and secretly married in 1533 later that year the marriage was made public • 1534 parliament passed the act of Supremacy

20. Henry VIII • Thomas More pleaded illness and retired as Chancellor after the Act of Supremacy was passed • He refused to acknowledge Henry as Supreme head of the church. • 3 years later he was hanged. • Henry passed the Six Articles asserting: cup-less communion, transubstantiation, celibacy of priests, endurance of vows of chastity, utility of private masses, and auricular confession

21. Henry VIII • The enforcement of the Six Articles and other acts resulted in the death of many protestants and Catholics • Henry continued to persecute monasteries and dissolved more than 400 confiscating their property • Henry was married 6 times, none seemed particularly happy • He died not particularly lamented in 1547 leaving Edward VI to become king

23. English Reformation • Edward VI was only nine when he became king leaving England to be ruled by his Regents • During his reign England became Protestant • The statute of burning heretics was removed, Communion was restored, clerical marriage was allowed and protestants were accepted • Cranmer wrote the “Book of Common Prayer” providing a liturgy for the new English church • Edward VI died 2 months after the Book was published and his half sister Mary took the throne

24. (Bloody) Mary I 1553-1558 • Mary I was the daughter of Henry and Catharine of Aragon and held her mothers sympathies with the Roman Catholic faith • One of her first acts as queen was to behead the ex-regent who resisted her accession • She married her Spanish Cousin Philip which was not well received by the English people. • She enforced Catholicism across England giving a triple test to heretics • Heretics were allowed to flee England, but if caught were tested and executed

25. (Bloody) Mary I 1553-1558 • 1553-1558 was her reign and ~300 were executed as heretics during this time, burning was her preferred method • Famous among the executed were Bishops Latimer and Ridley, and Archbishop Cranmer • Mary died more than likely of Ovarian cancer, which also explains why she never gave birth to an heir • She was succeeded by her younger half sister Elizabeth I

26. Elizabeth I 1558-1603 • Elizabeth was Protestant and restored much of the Protestant customs, • She was a clever and wise ruler so restored Protestantism slowly and with popular opinion • Rejected the Popes authority over England and replaced it with her own • Modified the 42 articles into the 39 Articles still used today • Was religiously tolerant and wanted religious peace above freedom • A wise ruler the “virgin queen” died the oldest English monarch (70 years old)