chap. 2 The resting membrane potential

1. 第二章 细胞的兴奋 • chap. 2 The resting membrane potential • chap. 3Action potential • chap. 16 Electrical activity of the heart • chap. 17 Natural excitation of the heart from Berne & Levy Principles of Physiology (4th ed) 2005

2. Observations of Membrane Potentials 1. IONIC EQUILIBRIA 2. RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIALS 3. SUBTHRESHOLD RESPONSES 4. ACTION PONTIELS 5. 心肌细胞和起搏细胞的动作电位

3. Observations of Membrane Potentials • Extracellular recording

4. Intracellular recording

5. Voltage clamp

6. macroscopical current

7. Patch clamp

8. single channel current

9. Concentration force Electrical force 1. IONIC EQUILIBRIA

10. Electrochemical Equilibrium • When the force caused by the concentration difference and the force caused by the electrical potential difference are equal and opposite, no net movement of the ion occurs, and the ion is said to be in electrochemical equilibrium across the membrane. • When an ion is in electrochemical equilibrium, the electrochemical potential difference is called as equilibrium potential or Nernst potential.

11. The Nernst Equation Where EX equilibrium potential of X+ R ideal gas constant T absolute temperature z charge number of the ion F Faraday’s number natural logarithm of concentration ration of X+ on the two sides of the membrane

12. At any membrane potential other than the Ex , there will be an electrochemical driving force for the movement of X+ across the membrane, which tend to pull the membrane potential toward its EX. • The greater the difference between the membrane potential and the EX will result in a greater driving force for net movement of ions. • Movement can only happen if there are open channels!

13. Distribution of Ions Across Plasma Membranes of a human skeletal muscle cell

14. 2. RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIALS The cytoplasm is usually electrically negative relative to the extracellular fluid. This electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane in a resting cell is called the resting membrane potential.

16. The Chord Conductance Equation where Em membrane potential Es equilibrium potentials of the ion s gs conductance of the membrane to the ion s. the more permeable, the greater the conductance.

17. All the ions that the membrane is permeable to contribute to the establishment of the potential of the membrane at rest. • 细胞膜在静息状态下对K+的通透性一般大于其它离子（主要是IK1），因此大多数细胞的静息膜电位都是胞内为负。 • The Na+,K+-ATPase contributes directly to generation of the resting membrane potential.

18. 3. SUBTHRESHOLD RESPONSES

19. graded potential • The size (amplitude) of the subthreshold potential is directly proportional to the strength of the triggering event. • A subthreshold potential can be eitherhyperpolarizing(make membrane potential more negative) or depolarizing(make membrane potential more positive)

21. local response • Subthreshold potentials decrease in strength as they spread from their point of origin, i.e. conducted with decrement. • This passive spread of electrical signals with no changes in membrane property is known as electrotonic conduction.

25. spatial summation & temporal summation

26. 4. ACTION PONTIELS An action potential is a rapid change in the membrane potential followed by a return to the resting membrane potential.

27. action potential of a squid giant axon

29. An action potential is triggered when the depolarization is sufficient for the membrane potential to reach a threshold. • Rising phase (depolarization phase) • At peak of action potential membrane potential reverses from negative to positive (overshoot). • Repolarization phase • During the hyperpolarizing afterpotential, the membrane potential actually becomes less negative than it is at rest.

32. Ionic Mechanisms of Action Potential

34. changes of ion conductance during action potential

35. Action potentials arise as a result of brief alterations in the electrical properties of the membrane. • During the early part of the action potential, the rapid increase in gNa causes the membrane potential to move toward ENa. • The rapid return of the action potential toward the resting potential is caused by the rapid decrease in gNa and the continued increase in gK.

36. During the hyperpolarizing afterpotential, when the membrane potential is actually more negative than the resting potential, gNa returns to baseline levels, but gK remains elevated above resting levels. • Action potentials differ in size and shape in different cells, but the fundamental mechanisms underlying the initiation of these potentials does not vary.

37. model of the voltage-dependent Na+ channel closed open inactivated

39. 枪乌贼巨轴突动作电位各个时期的主要电流 • 去极相： • INa激活，钠内流 • 复极相： • INa失活；IK激活，钾外流 • 超级化后电位： • 膜电位复极到静息电位时，IK仍然开放，钾继续外流使得膜电位超级化； • 随着IK的缓慢关闭，膜电位逐渐回到静息电位。

40. Properties of Action Potential All-or-None Response • Either a stimulus fails to elicit an action potential or it produces a full-sized action potential. • The size and shape of an action potential remain the same as the potential travels along the cell. • The intensity of a stimulus is encoded by the frequency of action potentials.

41. Refractory Period

42. relative refractory period absolute refractory period

43. Conduction of Action Potential Self-reinforcing Local circuit current

45. diameter • myelination Conduction velocity

46. saltatory conduction

47. 5. 细胞动作电位的多态性

49. 心脏中两种细胞的动作电位 心肌细胞 起搏细胞

50. 心肌细胞动作电位的波形 • 0期：快速去极化期 • -90mV to +30mV,1~2ms • 1期：快速复极化初期 • +30mV to 0mV, 10ms • 2期：平台期 • 0mV, 100~150ms • 3期：快速复极化末期 • 0mV to -90mV, 100~150ms 4期：静息期