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Sólveig Thorvaldsdóttir

The 5/10 Approach ... A Continuation from the INSARAG Team Leaders Meetings in South Africa and Australia. Sólveig Thorvaldsdóttir. Overveiw of Presentation. ONE: What is 5/10 - revision TWO: The Development of 5/10 THREE: Application to INSARAG FOUR: An Example of how AA, 5+ and 10+

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Sólveig Thorvaldsdóttir

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  1. The 5/10 Approach... A Continuation from the INSARAG Team Leaders Meetingsin South Africa and Australia Sólveig Thorvaldsdóttir

  2. Overveiw of Presentation ONE: What is 5/10 - revision TWO: The Development of 5/10 THREE: Application to INSARAG FOUR: An Example of how AA, 5+ and 10+ fit into the big picture

  3. ONEWhat is 5/10? - Revision

  4. The 5/10 Approach A Simple Approach to Building Prioritization (5) and Operations Strategy (10) for Building (Structural) Collapse Search and Rescue

  5. The 5/10 Approach • The aim is to develop a process that is relatively simple and useful to... • prioritize buildings • plan search and rescue strategies • plan safety and monitoring strategies • Simple meaning: can be described on one page • Note: unlikely to find an easy method that is useful

  6. The Basic 5/10 Approach 1. Area of operation 2. Damage Degree 3. Collapse Pattern 4. Void Potential 5. Stability Issues 10. Strategy Steps

  7. Flexibility: 5+ / 10 1. Area of Operation 2. Damage Degree 3. Collapse Pattern 4. Void Potential 5. Stability Issues 6. Hazmat 7. Local Information 10. Strategy Steps

  8. Now the 10 Strategy Stepsfor Each Building on List Step 1. Draw building foot print and rubble Step 2. Draw building and rubble each floor Step 3. Identify local failure pattern for each floor Step 4. Identify possible voids for each floor Step 5. Prioritize voids (size, accessibility, etc) Step 6. Draw egress and search routes Step 7. Draw rescue routes Step 8. Draw evacuation routes Step 9. Decide upon and set up shoring Step 10. Decide upon and set up monitoring system Needs testing and revision

  9. Corner Stones of 5/10 • Defining the most relevant building/structural and collapse information. • Structuring the information in a format for quick decision making. • Based on visual evalutation • Applies to different phases of the operations

  10. TWOThe Development of 5/10since South Africa 2002

  11. Events • Two 4 hour class in Sweden in Dec and May • International team training • Correspondance w/two USA engineers • Lessons Learned from Algeria • Chairman´s Summary; 8, 12, 14, 15 and 17 • 2 day 5/10 Workshop in Switzerland • Swiss engineers + team leaders • Preparation for TLM in South-Korea

  12. The Development of 5/10Involves... • Development of the 5 steps • Development of the 10 steps • Putting 5/10 into perspective Discuss in reverse order

  13. Putting 5/10 into Perspective • 5/10 orginated from a discussion on building collapse patterns • It is a triage, SAR and safety approach that deals first and foremost with the technical issues • However, technical issues are not the only issues to be considered for triage, SAR and safety. • So how does 5/10 fit into the big picture?

  14. This lead to a discussion onArea Assessmentfor Triage and Coordination • Info when at homebase or in transit • Info from LEMA/OSOCC • Info from local population • Finally you look at technical issues at sites Which lead to the questions... • What do your results contain? • What do you do with your results?

  15. Area Assessment 1/2 • Info when at homebase or in transit • time of day, day of week; cultural activities • Typical construction types and BCP • From LEMA/OSOCC - direct order or info • Location of affected areas • National response and their findings • Type/level of damage

  16. Area Assessment 2/2 • Info from local population • Knowledge about specific sites regarding victims, layout, height, entrances, building type, use, similar construction in area, etc. • Information about prior and on-going operations • Hazards in the area • Finally you look at technical issues at sites • 5 steps (area, damage, collapse, voids, stability) • additional steps for triage.

  17. Area Assessment • What do your results contain? • Marking the building • Map (GPS, main roads, key monuments, North, areas,etc.) • Info related to the assessed structures • Triage (Prioritization) of the structures • What do you do with your results? • For decision making within your team • Share them with LEMA/OSOCC • Share them with other USAR Teams

  18. Development of the 10 steps • Same number but switched two steps (8 and 9) • Fine tuning, but the same basic approach • Have put more meat on the bones • Emphasized re-setting of priorities

  19. The Revised 10+ Steps

  20. Development of the 5 steps • No changes in the steps or their order • Damage (step 2) • Focus on partially and totally collapsed buildings • BCP (step 3) • Need to identify building type to develop useful BCP • Need to develop BCP for different regions • Put on the internet for training and response • Voids (step 4) and Stability (step 5) • Identified many factors that affect triage • Not able yet to develop rules of thumb.

  21. Development of the 5 steps • Discussions underlined different risk factors; • vulnerability of buildings • vulnerability of collapsed buildings • All above will be incorporated in the training manual

  22. 1 Locate (or define) area of assessment 2 Identify structures with damage level partial or total collapse 3 Study their collapse patterns Partial Collapse Where did it collapse? - Vertical (up-down) Whole floors or sections - Horizontal (across) Middle, end or corners How did it collapse? - Building element collapse - Element connection collapse Total Collapse Where did it collapse to? - Straight down - Toppled over - Combination How did it collapse? - Building element collapse - Element connection collapse - Foundation failure 4 Determine voids for survivability Where are possible voids? How accessible are the voids? What is creating the void? Building elements? Building content? Other? How large are the voids for survivability? Is it a NOGO? Triage structures based on voids 5 Evaluate stability for safety Is secondary collapse likely? If so, in which direction? If so, how far? Is settlement likely to occur? Has a large weight been redistributed? Is it a NOGO? Re-triage based on stability + Hazmat + External threats + Utilities + Other Re-triage based on other concerns Note: these concerns may form the basis for triage before step 4 or 5 Revised 5+ steps

  23. THREE Application of AA, 5+, 10+

  24. Level of detail of AA, 5+, 10+ • A checklist easy enough to remember • A checklist that is easy to refer to in the field • Training material for courses. • Make your own version

  25. Application of AA, 5+, 10+ • What is fixed? - not to be changed? • that which is used for sharing for coordination • What can be adapted? • that which is used by the team internally • Who uses it within the team? • One person? Many persons? • that is for the team to decide • A list is a guideline - add to it as you please. • The order how you do things is usually not important to others, just your results.

  26. Documentation • Rescue-workers usually hate paperwork • Necessary for info sharing • Which is necessary for decision making • Teams are part of a larger process, others may use their info • Sheets designed professionally • Where to display? • on walls • but also in folders (for when in tent or out in the rain) • wherever it is ... it must be easily accessible!!!!!!!!!!

  27. FOUR An Example of how AA, 5+ and 10+ fit into the big picture

  28. You are deploying on a missionWhat is involved in your area assessment for triage and coordination?

  29. Facts related to the earthquake and local customs.During activation/in transit: • Time of day, day of week = what local customs/culture are affected • Typical construction types and building collapse patterns • Direct orders or general information: Arrival in country from LEMA or OSOCC: • Locations of affected areas/Operations assignments • National response (where are teams working) and their results • Type and level of damage • Specific information:In operational area from local population: • Knowledge about specific sites regarding victims, layout, height, entrances, building type and use, similar construction in the area, etc. • Information about prior and on-going operations in the area • Hazards in the area • 5+ Structural Evaluation:At site • 1.Define the areas of assessment based on prior information and direction • 2.Locate partially and totally collapsed buildings • 3.Study building collapse pattern • 4.Determine possible void spaces • 5.Evaluate stability • If applicable, also evaluate • + Hazmat • + Exterior threats • + Utilities (electricity, water, gas, sewage) • + Other

  30. 1 Locate (or define) area of assessment 2 Identify structures with damage level partial or total collapse 3 Study their collapse patterns Partial Collapse Where did it collapse? - Vertical (up-down) Whole floors or sections - Horizontal (across) Middle, end or corners How did it collapse? - Building element collapse - Element connection collapse Total Collapse Where did it collapse to? - Straight down - Toppled over - Combination How did it collapse? - Building element collapse - Element connection collapse - Foundation failure 4 Determine voids for survivability Where are possible voids? How accessible are the voids? What is creating the void? Building elements? Building content? Other? How large are the voids for survivability? Is it a NOGO? Triage structures based on voids 5 Evaluate stability for safety Is secondary collapse likely? If so, in which direction? If so, how far? Is settlement likely to occur? Has a large weight been redistributed? Is it a NOGO? Re-triage based on stability + Hazmat + External threats + Utilities + Other Re-triage based on other concerns Note: these concerns may form the basis for triage before step 4 or 5 5+ Checklist

  31. Triage: • Decide which buildings should be worked on • and in which order

  32. You have done your triage.......... What do the results of your triage look like? Outcome of an Area Assessment is: Marking of the building based on assessment o Box, assessment team, any information relating to the marking system Map showing o Overall area of assignment (GPS, main roads, key monuments, North, etc.) o Assessed areas based on Step 1 o Un-assessed areas o Excluded areas where assessment was not needed Information by structure to relay to the team/other teams/OSOCC/LEMA Triage for all assessed structures

  33. Are we going to mark the buildings that are in the assessment?

  34. Report outcome to: • Within team for internal use • Other SAR teams • LEMA/OSOCC

  35. You arrived at your assigned siteWhat SAR and Safety issues do you need to consider for your operations plan?(What the actual plan looks like is likely to vary between teams)

  36. 10+ Checklist 1. Determine building type and understand original structure 2. Study collapse pattern and look for each floor of collapsed section 3. Determine type of local failure for each floor of collapsed section 4. Identify possible voids and how to access to them 5. Set priorities based on accessible voids likely to have live victims 6. Decide search routes and re-set priorities based on search results 7. Decide rescue routes and re-set priorities based on penetration and rescues 8. Decide upon shoring 9. Decide evacuation routes 10. Design a monitoring system + Availability of cranes and other heavy machinery + Similar construction near by to confirm mental rebuilding of structure + Other

  37. You have finished your operationHow to you send/report your results to the OSOCC/LEMA?

  38. Summary of Further Work • BCP for building type and regions • Training Material • More work on rules of thumb for voids and stability • Organizing overall AA; • distributing triage assignments • collecting triage results • Matching teams to appropriate sites • Making methodology available for LEMA’s • useful in a disaster for national and international teams • contribution from INSARAG to local capacity building

  39. Thank you for your attention

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