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Filamentous Ascomycetes Eurotiales and Allied Taxa

Filamentous Ascomycetes Eurotiales and Allied Taxa. Pl P 421/521 Lecture 6. From Spatafora et al. 2006. A five-gene phylogeny of Pezizomycotina. Mycologia 98: 1018-1028. From Geiser et al. 2006. Mycologia 98: 1063-1064. Onygenales. Family Onygenaceae

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Filamentous Ascomycetes Eurotiales and Allied Taxa

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  1. Filamentous AscomycetesEurotiales and Allied Taxa Pl P 421/521 Lecture 6

  2. From Spatafora et al. 2006. A five-gene phylogeny of Pezizomycotina. Mycologia 98: 1018-1028

  3. From Geiser et al. 2006. Mycologia 98: 1063-1064

  4. Onygenales • Family Onygenaceae • Onygena equina on old hooves and horns • Stalked ascomata called mazaedia • Ajellomyces dermatidis—blastomycosis and Ajellomyces capsulatus—histoplasmosis • Dimorphic, growing as yeasts at 37C and mycelium below 37C • Coccidioidesimmitis —Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis) • Produces arthrospores in soil, and enlarged, multinucleate spherules in host tissue

  5. Onygena equina Stalked ascomata (mazaedia)

  6. Ajellomyces capsulatus

  7. Coccidiodes immitis Arthrospores (above), sphaerules formed in host tissue (right)

  8. Arthrodermataceae • Arthroderma—cleistothecia with bone-shaped cells in walls (ossiform cells) • Trichophyton and Microsporum anamorphs • Dermatophytes—fungi that grow in the dead layer of keratinized skin • Ringworm • Athlete’s foot • Nail fungus

  9. Ring worm

  10. Ossiform cells (left), Trichophyton conidia (below)

  11. Eurotiales (Plectomycetes) • Thin-walled asci (prototunicate) • Asci scattered within cleistothecium • One-celled ascospores • Two familes: • Trichocomaceae • Aspergillus, Penicillium and Paecilomyces anamorphs • Pseudoeurotiaceae

  12. Aspergillus Conidia Conidiogenous cells (phialides) Supporting cell (branch or metulae) Swollen apex of conidiophore (vesicle) Conidiophore Basal part of conidiophore (foot cell)

  13. Anamorphs--Aspergillus SEM by Charles Mims

  14. Aspergillus niger

  15. Genus/Species:Aspergillus flavus • Image Type:Microscopic Morphology • Title:Stages in development of fruiting bodies • Disease(s): Aspergillosis • Legend:Stages in development of fruiting bodies. Differential interference contrast microscopy, 630X. Aspergillus flavus http://www.doctorfungus.org

  16. Anamorphs--Penicillium phialides Branches (metulae)

  17. Anamorphs--Paecilomyces Divergent phialides with swollen base and long, tapering neck Colonies may be pink, purple, yellow, brown or white, but never green as in Penicillium spp.

  18. Teleomorphs • Aspergillus: • Eurotium • Neosartorya • Emericella • Penicillium: • Eupenicillium • Talaromyces • Paecilomyces: • Byssochlamys

  19. Eurotium • Aspergillus anamorph • Cleistothecia yellow to orange-red • wall composed of single layer of flattened cells • ascospores flattened, usually with equatorial groove. Ascospore by D. Geiser From Hanlin, 1998. Illustrated Genera of Ascomycetes Vol II

  20. Emericella • Aspergillus anamorph • Cleistothecial wall surrounded by hülle cells • Ascospores small, colored, lens-shaped with flange From Hanlin, 1998. Illustrated Genera of Ascomycetes Vol II

  21. Emericella Hülle cells, D. Geiser

  22. Eupenicillium • Penicillium anamorph • Cleisothecia hard, white becoming colored (yellow, orange, brown) • Ascospores small, hyaline or yellowish, lens-shaped, often with equatorial flanges From Hanlin, 1998. Illustrated Genera of Ascomycetes Vol II

  23. Image by David Geiser

  24. Talaromyces • Paecilomyces or Penicillium anamorph • Cleistothecium whitish to bright yellow • Wall composed of interwoven hyphae • Ascospores ellipsoidal, with spiny walls From Hanlin, 1998. Illustrated Genera of Ascomycetes Vol II

  25. The good and the bad • Penicillium spp.—antibiotic production • Penicilliumroqueforti—blue cheese • Penicillium spp.—blue and green molds on bread, cheese, fruits, vegetables • Aspergillus flavus—aflatoxins (moldy peanuts) • A. flavus/A. niger--aspergillosis

  26. Aspergillosis of Sea Fans (Gorgonia spp.)

  27. Penicillin • Penicillium notatum growing in Alexander Fleming’s Petri dish of Staphylococcus in 1928 led to the discovery of penicillin • Howard Florey & Ernest Chain (1939) began work on purification and trials • 1941—work moved to US (NRRL in Peoria, IL) to escape bombing in London (WWII) • Fermentation vessels and corn steep liquor • Mary Hunt (“Moldy Mary”) brought in P. chyrogenum on a melon • 1945—Fleming, Florey & Chain received Noble Prize

  28. Penicillium notatum Penicillin prevents cross-linking of small peptide chains in peptidoglycan, the main wall polymer in bacteria. Newly formed cells are abnormal in shape and susceptible to osmotic lysis.

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