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Cognition

Cognition. Subtitle. Memory. Encoding , Storing and Retrieving knowledge. Models of Memory. Information Processing (Atkinson- Shiffrin ) Model Sensory Memory: Perfect memory for brief moment Iconic (split second) v. Echoic (3-4 seconds). Levels of Processing Model: Visual Encoding

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Cognition

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  1. Cognition Subtitle

  2. Memory Encoding, Storing and Retrieving knowledge

  3. Models of Memory • Information Processing (Atkinson-Shiffrin) Model • Sensory Memory: Perfect memory for brief moment • Iconic (split second) v. Echoic (3-4 seconds) • Levels of Processing Model: • Visual Encoding • Acoustic Encoding • Semantic Encoding

  4. Types of Memory Short Term/Working Memory Long-term Memory Limitless capacity 3 Formats: Episodic Semantic Procedural Explicit (Declarative) v. Implicit (non) Prospective (remember to do something) vs. Retrospective (remember past events) • Capacity: Average = 7 • Must attend to information to encode in long-term memory • Chunking • Mnemonic Devices: Method of Loci, Acronyms • Rehearsal

  5. Retrieval • Recognition vs. Recall • Serial Position Effect • Primacy vs. Recency • Tip-of-the-tongue-phenomenon • Semantic Network Theory: Our memories are encoded in interconnected webs. • Flashbulb Memories

  6. Context of memory & retrieval Mood-Congruent State-Dependent If I lose my keys while I an intoxicated, I will find them when I am intoxicated • When I’m happy, I remember fun times.

  7. Forgetting • Hermann Ebbinghaus: Nonsense syllables • Initial forgetting is rapid, then levels off • Decay • Relearning is faster • Interference • Retroactive (new info interferes with recall of old) • Proactive (old info interferes with new)

  8. Constructed Memory • “Recovered” memories are not always reliable • Constructed memories feel real • Elizabeth Loftus: Leading questions can create a false memory • Car “crash” v. “hit” study

  9. Memories in the Brain • Hippocampus: Gets explicit memories from ST to LT • Damage may cause Anterograde Amnesia (can’t encode new info) • BTW: Retrograde Amnesia is the inability to remember old info • Cerebellum: Implicit memories • Long-term Potentiation: Neuronal connections are strengthened with use.

  10. Language

  11. Elements of Language Phonemes Morphemes Smallest unit of meaningful sound • Smallest unit of sound • English = 44

  12. Syntax Semantics The meaning of words • The order of words to create coherent statements • Varies by language

  13. Language Acquisition • Babbling to One-Word (holophrastic) Stage to Two-Word Stage (telegraphic) to Using sentences • Misapplication of grammar rules = Overgeneralization or Overregularization (preoperational stage)

  14. How do we acquire language? Behaviorists (think Skinner) Language Acquisition Device (Chomsky) We are born with capacity to learn language Learn too quickly Say things we weren’t taught (overgeneralization) Critical period for learning • Through Association, Imitation and Reinforcement

  15. Language & Cognition • Linguistic Determinism (Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis): Language determines how we think • Benjamin Whorf

  16. Thinking Organized into Concepts, Prototypes, Images

  17. Problem Solving Algorithm Heuristic Rule of thumb Quick, but mistake prone Representative vs. Availability • Methodical, guaranteed solution • Takes a long time

  18. Impediments to Problem Solving • Overconfidence • Belief bias & Belief perseverance • Mental set (aka rigidity) • Functional Fixedness • Confirmation bias • Framing

  19. Creativity Convergent Divergent Thinking that searches multiple possible answers More creative • Thinking pointed toward one solution

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