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COGNITION

COGNITION. VIEWS ON HOW WE THINK AND ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE. What is cognition?. How we think acquire knowledge Imagine plan and solve problems. Mental Images. One tool in thought process Use everyday Helps us remember where we parked our car Find furniture for home Relax in daydreaming.

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COGNITION

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  1. COGNITION VIEWS ON HOW WE THINK AND ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE

  2. What is cognition? • How we think • acquire knowledge • Imagine • plan and solve problems

  3. Mental Images • One tool in thought process • Use everyday • Helps us remember where we parked our car • Find furniture for home • Relax in daydreaming

  4. Concepts • Class or category of objects • Allows us to communicate with each other

  5. Types of Concepts • Super ordinate Concept • Basic level type • Most general form…a dog is a dog • Subordinate Concept • More specific • Poodle, Lab, Great Dane

  6. Types of Concepts • Formal Concepts • Specific rules or features • Rigid • Science and math • Natural Concepts • Formed as a result of the real world • More fuzzy

  7. Prototypes • An example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics • May be influenced by area we grow up in

  8. Problem Solving • When a goal must be reached • Thinking and feeling in a certain way • Trial and Error • One solution after another

  9. algorithms • Solve problems through formal reasoning • step-by-step, routine or mechanical procedure for solving a problem • Exhausting all the possibilities

  10. heuristics • “rule of thumb” strategies to simplify a problem or guide an investigation • Educated guess based on prior experience • Advice from those we respect • “word of mouth”

  11. heuristics • Representative • Categorizing objects • Availability • Estimation of the frequency of an event based on how easy to recall • Means-ends analysis • Difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference

  12. The Limits of Heuristics • In many situations heuristics are the only way to tackle a complex problem • Since they rely on assumptions, occasionally they lead to bad decisions and mistakes • Will Not always lead to the correct solution

  13. Insight • You have a corked bottle with a coin in it, how do you get it out without removing the cork? • Aha moment!

  14. Errors in problem solving • Confirmation Bias • Search for evidence that fits our beliefs • Functional Fixedness • Block when we only think of object in typical manner • Mental Sets • We get stuck on using techniques that have worked in the past

  15. How would you attach candle to the wall??

  16. Creativity • Entirely new way of looking at the problem • Combining ideas and or behavior in new ways

  17. Thinking • Convergent • Only one answer • All lines of thinking lead to same answer • Divergent • Many different ideas • Creative, and intelligence

  18. Divergent thinkers Not all attention is focused on solution Higher mental process Less prone to some of the barriers of problem solving Broad range of knowledge Aren’t afraid to be different independent

  19. Intelligence Ability to learn from one’s experience Acquire knowledge Use resources effectively

  20. Theories of intelligence • Spearman's G Factor • G Factor-general intelligence • S Factor-Specific intelligence • Over simplified

  21. Gardener’s Multiple intelligences • Naturalist Intelligence • botanist or chef • Existential Intelligence • Interpersonal Intelligence • Teachers, social workers, actors, and politicians • Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence • Athletes, dancers, surgeons, and craftspeople

  22. Gardner’s Intelligence • Musical Intelligence • composers, conductors, musicians, vocalist, and sensitive listeners • Linguistic Intelligence • poets, novelists, journalists, and effective public speakers • Intra-personal Intelligence • psychologist, spiritual leaders, and philosophers

  23. Gardner’s Intelligence • Spatial Intelligence • Sailors, pilots, sculptors • Logical-Mathematical Intelligence • Mathematicians, scientists, and detectives

  24. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory • Analytical • Break problems down to solve • Creative • New ways to problem solve • Practical • Street smarts

  25. IQ Tests • Fifth addition • Measures • Fluid reasoning • Knowledge • Quantitative processing • Visual-spatial processing • Working memory • Mental age versus chronological age • IQ = MA/CA X 100 • Many kids are given this test at age 7 or 8

  26. Test Questions

  27. Test Questions STRAWBERRY:RED (A) peach:ripe(B) leather:brown(C) grass:green(D) orange:round(E) lemon:yellow

  28. IQ Cultural Bias • Test questions were originally designed without thought of cultures • White America • Very Difficult to develop a test free of cultural bias/needs to be culturally fair • Need to be developed with little to no language • Non verbal abilities • Does well at predicting academic success for those at the higher and lower ends of the curves

  29. Dove Counterbalance IQ Test How long should one boil chitlins while preparing them?A. Five MinutesB. Three HoursC. 24 HoursD. 45 Minutes

  30. Intellectual Disabilty • Defined by • IQ below 70 • Adaptive behavior • Present below age of 18 • Causes • Unhealthy living conditions • Prenatal care • Poor nutrition during the formative years • Biological/heredity

  31. Giftedness IQ above 140 2% of the population

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