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Cognition

Cognition. Princeton Review Crack-a-lackin Tasha Wright. Sensory Memory. =gateway between perception and memory  very limited Iconic=visual (1/10ths of a second) Echoic=auditory (3-4 seconds). Sensory Memory Dos. Based on how you perceive things Ex. Jump rope: at many points at once

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Cognition

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  1. Cognition Princeton Review Crack-a-lackin Tasha Wright

  2. Sensory Memory • =gateway between perception and memory • very limited • Iconic=visual (1/10ths of a second) • Echoic=auditory (3-4 seconds)

  3. Sensory Memory Dos • Based on how you perceive things • Ex. Jump rope: at many points at once • =visual persistence

  4. George Sperling and partial report G Z E P R K O D B T X F • Paired with different pitched sounds • Better with lower pitch • Short-term visual (iconic) memory

  5. Short-Term Memory • Few seconds to about a minute • Acoustically coded • Seven parts (+/- 2) • Ex. Telephone numbers • Chunking=grouping items

  6. Rehearsal • Maintenance=simple repetition for the short term • Elaborative=organization and understanding for long-term use • Can decay by interference

  7. Remembering Lists: • Primacy=remembering the first items • Recency=remembering the last items (fades in about a day) • serial position effect

  8. Long-Term Memory • Semantically encoded memories=encoded in the form of word meanings • can be semantically plus visually or acoustically encoded • Ex. Song lyrics

  9. Episodic memory=events that we ourselves have experienced • Semantic memory=fact based memory • Procedural memory=skills and habits

  10. Types of LTM • State-dependent memory: more likely to be recalled if the attempt to retrieve it occurs in a situation similar to the situation in which is was encoded • Flashbulb memories: very deep, vivid memory in the form of a visual image associated with a particular emotionally arousing event • Working memory: the part of LTM that is currently in use

  11. Memory Changing • Reconstruction=fitting events together that seem likely • can be caused by source amnesia • Framing=repeated suggestions and misleading questions that create false memories • problems in trials

  12. Language • Arbitrarywords don’t sound like the ideas they convey • Additive structurewords into phrases, phrases to sentences, sentences to paragraphs, etc. • Multiplicity of structurecan be analyzed in many ways • Productionnearly endless combination of words • Dynamicconstantly changing and evolving

  13. Phonemes=smaller units of speech sounds • Morphemes=combination of phonemes • Grammar=set of rules of language • Syntax=organizing morphemes into meaningful language • Semantics=word choice

  14. Acquiring Language • (Infants) Holophrases=single terms that are applied to a broad category of things • Ex. All women are “mama” • this is overextension • (2 year olds) Telegraphic speech=lack many parts of speech • Ex. “mommy food” • (3 years old) Know over 1,000 words • overgeneralization errors • Ex. I goed to store

  15. Noam Chomsky and Transformational grammar • Surface structure of language v. deep structure of language • Propose innate language acquisition device • used to explain why all cultures languages and learning is so similar

  16. B.F. Skinner • Behaviorist • Said it was operant conditioning • learning and reinforcement

  17. Concept • =a way of grouping or classifying the world around us • Typicality=the degree to which an object fits the average • Prototype=typical picture that we envision

  18. Superordinate concept=very broad; encompasses a large group of items • Ex. Food • Subordinate concept=smaller and more specific • Ex. Bread

  19. Cognition=thinking • Reasoning=drawing of conclusions from evidence • Deductive reasoning=drawing logical conclusions from general statements • Inductive reasoning=the process of drawing general inferences from specific observations

  20. Creativity and Problem Solving • Creativity=the process of producing something novel yet worthwhile • Divergent thinkingif many correct answers are possible • Ex. Brainstorming • Convergentproblem can only be solved by one answer

  21. Heuristics=intuitive rules of thumb • Algorithms=systematic, mechanical approaches that guarantee an eventual answer to a problem • Insight=sudden understanding • Ex. Wolfgang Kohler and chimps. Bananas outside cage, 2 sticks inside • Mental set=fixed frame of mind • Functional fixedness=tendency to assume that a given item is only useful for the task for which it was designed

  22. Confirmation bias=looking only for information to support your view • Hindsight bias=after the fact, saying you knew what the outcome would be • Framing=the way a question is phrased

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