Chapter 12

1. Chapter 12 Interactions of Living Things

2. Section 1 : Everything Is Connected • Studying the Web of Life • Ecology – the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment • The environment consists of two parts: • 1) Biotic – is the part of the environment where all organisms live and interact with one another • 2) Abiotic – is the part of the environment that includes physical factors like; water, soil, light, and temperature, which affects how an organism lives

3. Organization in the Environment • The environment can be arranged into the following 5 levels (smallest to biggest): • 1) Organism • 2) Population • Population – a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area • 3) Community • Community – all the populations of different species that live in a certain area • 4) Ecosystem • Ecosystem –is the community of organisms and their non living environment (abiotic) • 5) Biosphere • Biosphere – the part of the Earth where life exists. • It extends from the deepest parts of the ocean to the upper atmosphere

4. Chapter 12 - Quiz 1 • 1) _____________ is the the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment • 2) ____________ is the part of the environment where all of the organisms live and interact • 3) ___________ is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area • 4) ___________ is the part of the Earth where life exists, from the deepest parts of the ocean to the upper atmosphere • B) ___________ is a organism that only eats plants

5. Section 2 – Living Things Need Energy The Energy Connection Organisms can be divided into 3 groups based on how they obtain energy; • PRODUCERS – are organisms that use sunlight directly to make food this process is called Photosynthesis Producers include plants, algae, and some bacteria

6. 2) CONSUMERS – are organisms that eat producers and other organisms to obtain their energy. There are several kinds: a) Herbivores – consumers that only eat plants b) Carnivores – consumers that only eat animals c) Omnivores – consumers that eat both plants and animals d) Scavengers – consumers who eat dead animals 3) Decomposers – are organisms that get their energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms

7. Food Chains & Food Webs • Food Chains – are representations of how energy is transferred from one organism to another • Because an organism rarely eats one type of food, food chains rarely occur in nature • Food Webs – are representations of the many possible energy pathways to organism. • Energy moves from one organism to the next in a one way direction • Any energy not immediately used by the organism is stored in it’s tissues • Only the energy stored in tissues can be used by the next organism

8. Energy Pyramids • Energy Pyramid – represents the loss of energy between each level of the food chain • Energy pyramids have large bases and narrow tops. This represents that the amount of available energy is greater at the bottom and reduced as you go up • Most organisms use the energy they consume and store very little

10. Habitat and Niche • Habitat– is the environment in which an organism lives • Niche – is an organisms way of life within an ecosystem • It includes an organisms habitat, food sources, predators, and its competitors • Abiotic factors (sunlight, soil, etc) are also included in a niche

11. Chapter 12 – Quiz 2 • 1) ____________ are organisms that use sunlight to make their food. • 2) ____________ are organisms that eat other organisms to obtain their energy • 3) ___________ are organisms that get their energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms • 4) ___________ is the environment in which an organism lives. • 5) ___________ is the way an organism lives in its environment. • B) ___________ is the name of the organism that is eaten by another organism

12. Section 3 – Types of Interactions • Interactions with the Environment • Limiting Factor – is when one or more resource that an organism needs, becomes scare • Resources include; food, water, living space, etc. • Any single resource can become a limiting factor • Carrying Capacity – is the largest population that an environment can support

13. Interactions Among Organisms • Populations contain interacting individuals of the same species, while communities contain interacting populations of several species • Scientists have described 4 ways that species and individuals affect each other • 1) Competition – when two or more individuals or populations try to use the same limited resource • Because resources are limited when one individual uses it there is less available for the other individuals

14. 2) Predator and Prey • Prey – is the organism that gets eaten • Predator - the organism that eats the prey • Predator Adaptions • In order to survive predators must be able to catch their prey • Predators must have adaptions that benefit (speed. Camouflage, poisons, etc) • Prey Adaptations • Prey have adaptations themselves to help keep them from being eaten

15. 3) Symbiosis • Symbiosis – is a close, long-long term association between two or more species • There are three types of symbiotic relationships: • A) Mutualism • Mutualism - is a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit • B) Commensalism • Commensalism – is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and other remains unaffected • C) Parasitism • Parasitism – is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed .

16. Coevolution • Coevolution – is a long-term change that takes place in two species because of their close interactions with one another.

17. Chapter 12 Quiz 3 • 1) ___________ is when one or more resource becomes scarce • 2) ___________ is the largest population that an environment can support • 3) ___________ is an organism that eats another organism • 4) ___________ is a close long-term association between two or more species • 5)___________ is a long-term change that takes place between two species because their close interactions with one another • B) (3 points) – List the five levels of environmental organization from smallest to largest