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SOLAR THERMIC APPLICATION

SOLAR THERMIC APPLICATION. I.Hantschk/H.Fibi 2009. IP EFEU LLP/AT-230/22/08. Solar Thermic Application. Permission to use is granted on the following conditions: The use is for educational purposes only No fees or other income is charged Appropriate reference to this source is made.

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SOLAR THERMIC APPLICATION

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  1. SOLAR THERMIC APPLICATION I.Hantschk/H.Fibi 2009 IP EFEU LLP/AT-230/22/08 PH Wien – Einführung in die Chemie

  2. Solar Thermic Application Permission to use is granted on the following conditions: The use is for educational purposes onlyNo fees or other income is charged Appropriate reference to this source is made. Data sources are indicated except pictures and drawings having been taken by the authors respectively publishers. Updated for LLP/AT-230/22/08 Published by OStR. Mag.rer.nat. Hans Fibi & Prof. Ingrid HantschkUniversity of Education Vienna Grenzackerstraße 18 1100 ViennaAustria Phone: +436643833955e-mail: Hans210347@a1.net or johann.fibi@phwien.ac.at 2009 This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication [communication] reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  3. Irradiated Energy Irradiated Energy: W = 1 000 kWh/m² per year AUSTRIA: P = 1 kW/m² (maximum) PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  4. Transfer Energy irradiated from the Sun By Absorption: the internal energy of the absorber increases Thermal Energy RANGE OF LOW TEMPERATURE:Liquid (carrier of thermal energy) is warmed up. RANGE OF HIGH TEMPERATURE: radiation energy  electric energy melting metals attainment of high temperaturs process warmth Source: Newspaper unknown PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  5. Solar Panel-Energetic Flux Efficiency about 40 %, the higher, the smaller the difference to the outside temperature and the higher the irradiated power. PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  6. History 1767:Heat box made of glass: built by the Swiss man de Saussure (greenhouse-effect) 1866:Principle of concentrating radiation by concave mirror - concentrating collectors invented by Augustin Mouchot, France water  vapour  steam engine 1866:First Solar - Steam - Engine 1878:World Fair in Paris: the second model was presented. Belonging to economic aspects the france government considered this model as not sufficient. PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  7. Well known just for a long time.... „Schrebergartensystem”:„Barrel on the Roof”Water is warmed up by solar irradiance in barrels standing on the roofs.Application especially as showers. „Tube in the Sun”Tubes and pipes exposed to solar radiationcontain hot water.Tube System used in Open Air Swimming-Pools:Tube-System in form of plastic mats.Only for the Low-Temperature-Range: 18 - 21 oC 40%No Glass-Cover, because otherwise the missing infrared let h fall to zero. PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  8. Greenhouse-Effect Low Outside-Temperature and highdifference of temperature:Solar Panels don´t work ! 0 because of:1. Radiation of the absorber2. Losses by convection Use the Greenhouse-Effect !Infrared (IR) is reemitted by the covering glass-layer.Reduction of losses of warmth by convection(esp. vacuum) Therefore:Covering of the absorber by a glass-layer, a plastic foil... PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  9. Flat Panel Household / 4 persons: 400 - 600 l - storage6 - 8 m² collector´s area positioned on the roof (inclined) efficiency up to 40%possible, temperatures to be reached in the agent up to 300 oC. Water temperature from 40 oC to 80 oC available PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  10. Flat Panel PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  11. Flat Panel • SOLAR PANEL: • Low-Temperature-Range - Provision of Warm WaterAbsorber:physically black surface- transformer to thermic energy with about 35 - 40% Mostly out of order ! PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  12. Flat Panel Auslegungsregeln:1 m² Kollektor pro 70 l bei 60 oC pro Tag Pufferspeicher: 50 l pro m² ( 70 l bei Schwachlasttagen) Rules for mounting:1 m² Collector Aerea for 70 l at 60 oC a daybuffer (storage): 50 l per m² (70 l with respect to days of low irradiance) PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  13. Efficiency PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  14. Efficiency power of thesolar panelin W/m² temperature of the air average temperature of the fluid absorptance ofthe absorber k -value in W/m².K rate of transmissionof the cover irradiated powerin W/m² PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  15. Efficiency PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  16. Efiiciency Pabsorbed = opt . opt . Pinput Popt = Pirradiated- Pabsorbed Pabsorbed = opt . opt . A . S absorptance transmissivity Ptherm = kT . dT . A thermal conductivity in W/m².K, is a function of TColl Peffective = ..A.S - kT.dT.APirradiated = A.S PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  17. Efficieny constant optical distribution variable thermal distribution max, if only a little difference of temperature is necessary for gaining effective warmth • Data: • single-glass-layer k = 7 W/m².K, a. = 0,85double-glass-layer k = 3,2 W/m².K,  = 0,73vacuum-insulated k = 2,4 W/m².K, a.t = 0,86. PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  18. Tower with Heliostates PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  19. Tower with Heliostates PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  20. Tower Power Plant Almeria, Spain P = 1 MW resp. 0,5 MW PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  21. Almeria A row of plane mirrors concentrate sun´s energy to a little focal spot in the tower. About 1 000 oC available. Cooling agent:Air, salt melt, water, vapour. PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  22. Odeillo The concave mirror concentrates the radiation to the focal spot on top of the tower. Plane mirrors reflect the sun´s radiation to the concave mirror. PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  23. Sun´sOvenofOdeillo - France Pyrenees 63 collecting mirrors concave mirror: A = 2 000 m²consists of 950 single mirrors, focal width f = 18 m optical concentration 3780 : 1because of scattering and absorption: 2000 : 1temperature in the focal spot of the tower: T = 4 000 oC Power installed: P = 1 Megawatt PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  24. Other ones EURELIOSÄtna/Sizilien • 112 Heliostates, eachofthem 23 m²; • 70 mirrors, eachofthem 51,8 m² • tower:height: h = 55 m • concentrationto d = 4,5 m • opticalratioofconcentration:440:1 • Ptherm = 4,8 MW • Vapour´stemperature:500 oC • If 1 kW/m² irradiated: = 16 % • Aerial gain: 6,2 m²/kWToavoidshadowing:30 m²/kW PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  25. Other Ones (example) • Phöbos, Almeria, Spain:100 mirrors, concentration onto receiver with d = 3,5 mair is heated up to 700 oC.Installed power P = 2,5 MW. Vapour Creation.Ceramic heat reservoir compensates fluctuations in the primary circuit. • Solar One, California, USA:1818 Heliostaten, 39 m² each oneInstalled power: P = 10 MW • New Mexico, USA:16 kW installed. • Rehovot, Israel:16 kW installed. • Taschkent, Russia:1 MW installed. PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  26. Turmkraftwerk Daggett, USA PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  27. Sun´s Farm Kramer - Junction - the worldwide largest solarthermic power plant in the desert of Las Vegas between Los Angeles and Las Vegas (USA). 5 farms, each of them producingup to P = 30 MW. PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  28. Parabolic Mirror Constructions characteristic values of the construction:diameter of the concave mirror: d = 17 m power to be gained: P = 50 kWelectric application:Stirling-Engine situated in the focusdriving of an electric generator Dish-System sun Focal Spot Parabolic-mirror-construction Concentration: 500 - 2.000 times PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  29. Dish System Stirling Engine Dish PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  30. Dish System Stirling-engines are positioned in the focal spotof the parabolic mirror. They directly turn concentrated Infrared without using any energetic carrier or fuelto electric energy.Power to be gained: P = 50 kW. PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  31. Cylindric Collector – Focal Line Concentration: 50 - 80 times PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  32. Parabolrinnenkollektor Cylindric Collectors are similar to gutters reflecting on their inside. Within the focal line: T = 400 oC. Pthermic : 0,1 - 10 MW Pelectric: 50 kW - 1 MW On the example of California:Onto an area of 464 000 m² the power of P = 80 MW has been installed !! PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  33. Energy in USA 2008 Usable area in California (desert): 650.000 km² Irradiation2500 kWh/m².a equalling 8 kWh/m²dCalculated yield 5000 EJ/a System: Parabolrinnenkraftwerk Cylindric Collector Generation of Compressed Air (85 bar ~ 85.000 hPa) Stored in Cavities (former natural gas store), etc.) Heating of Compressed Air  Rising PressureRunning of High-Pressure-and Low Pressure TurbinesPower Mains-DCV-Lines HVDC-LINES To be improved: energetic carrier salt melt (~ 300 oC) Compare::World: 478,7 EJUSA: 98 EJDE: 14 EJAT: 1 EJ line focus Source: Spektrum der Wissenschaft März 2008 PH Wien - Präsentation H.Fibi/I.Hantschk

  34. Updraught Power Station La Mancha /Spanien Tower Power Plant destroyed by storm...... PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  35. Updraught Power Station La Mancha /Spanien The Updraught-Power-Station was destroyed by storm(tower blown down). Wheel (Wind-Turbine-Generator) starts(-ed) revolutions at 4 m/s. Pelectric (max) was about 50 kW  ~ 1 % To reach senseful orders of magnitude: height of the tower = 450 m, diameter of the “tent” = 1,1 km PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  36. Updraught Power Station La Mancha /Spanien PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

  37. Almeria PH Wien – Solar Thermic Application

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