Adolescence: Social and Emotional Development Learning Objectives

1. Adolescence: Social and Emotional DevelopmentLearning Objectives • Discuss Erikson’s adolescent stage of development. • Contrast and compare Marcia’s identity statuses and ethnic identity statuses. • Discuss possible gender differences in identity development.

2. Adolescence: Social and Emotional DevelopmentLearning Objectives • Describe changes in self-concept and self-esteem during adolescence. • Discuss adolescents’ relationships with their parents. • Describe cliques, crowds, and developmental changes in friendship as well as gender differences in friendship.

3. Adolescence: Social and Emotional DevelopmentLearning Objectives • Discuss how peers influence adolescent development. • Explain how adolescents’ relationships with parents impact their sexual behavior. • Describe gender differences in masturbation.

4. Adolescence: Social and Emotional DevelopmentLearning Objectives • Explain “coming out” and the impact of sexual orientation on adolescents. • Discuss “nature” and “nurture” evidence for differences in sexual orientation. • Explain hormonal and peer influences on sexual activity in adolescence.

5. Adolescence: Social and Emotional DevelopmentLearning Objectives • Discuss why 750,000 American teenagers become pregnant each year. • Describe the incidence of juvenile delinquency and risk factors associated with delinquency. • Explain possible reasons for ethnic differences in juvenile delinquency rates.

6. Adolescence: Social and Emotional DevelopmentLearning Objectives • Describe risk factors and warning signs for adolescent suicide. • Discuss what it means to be an adult as well as the concept of emerging adult.

7. Adolescence: Social and Emotional DevelopmentTruth or Fiction? • Adolescents imitate their peers’ clothing, speech, hairstyles, and ideals. • American adolescent males are more concerned about occupational choices than American adolescent females are.

8. Adolescence: Social and Emotional DevelopmentTruth or Fiction? • Adolescents are in a constant state of rebellion against their parents. • Most adolescents’ friends are “bad influences.”

9. Adolescence: Social and Emotional DevelopmentTruth or Fiction? • Petting is practically universal among American adolescents. • Watching sexy TV shows is a cause of teenage pregnancy.

10. Adolescence: Social and Emotional DevelopmentTruth or Fiction? • About three-quarters of a million American teenagers become pregnant each year. • Only a minority of American adolescents engage in delinquent behavior.

11. Adolescence: Social and Emotional DevelopmentTruth or Fiction? • Suicide is the leading cause of death among American adolescents. • Adolescents reach adulthood at age 21.

12. Development of Identity and the Self-Concept “Who Am I?” (And Who Else?)

13. What Does Erikson Have to Say About the Development of Identity During Adolescence? • Identity versus Identity diffusion • Primary task – Develop ego identity • Psychological moratorium • Experimental period • Identity crisis • Successful resolution is understanding who you are and what you stand for

14. What Are Marcia’s “Identity Statuses”? • Four statuses based on two dimensions • Exploration – active questioning alternatives in search of goals • Commitment – stable investment in goals • Identity diffusion • Foreclosure • Moratorium • Identity achievement

15. Development of Identity Statuses • Identity disclosure – least advanced developmentally • During high school and college, move from diffusion and foreclosure to moratorium and achievement statuses • Greatest gains in identity formation occur in college

16. Ethnicity and Development of Identity • Development of self-identity is more complex for ethnic minorities • Need to assimilate two sets of values – dominant and minority • Prejudice and discrimination • Fewer educational and career opportunities • Stages of ethnic identity development • Unexamined ethnic identity (diffusion or foreclosure) • Ethnic identity search (moratorium) • Achieved ethnic identity

17. Sex and Development of Identity • Erikson concluded • Career matters were more important to men • Relationships were more important to women • As a result men developed identity before intimacy while women developed identity and intimacy simultaneously • Research contradicts this and suggests men and women are equally concerned about career and interpersonal relationships • Women more likely to integrate family and career plans

18. How Does Self-Concept Develop During Adolescence? • Self-descriptions • As children, focus on physical characteristics and actions • As adolescents, incorporate distinct and enduring personality traits • Self-concepts become more differentiated • With formal-operational skills, able to integrate contradictory elements

19. What Happens to Self-Esteem During Adolescence? • In early adolescence, self-esteem declines • Disparity between ideal and real self • From age 13, self-esteem gradually improves • May adjust ideas about ideal self • May become less self-critical • Emotional support from family and peers is important • Initially, family support more important • By late adolescence, peer support is more important

20. Relationships with Parents and Peers

21. How Do Relationships with One’s Parents Change During the Course of the Teenage Years? • Time spent with family decreases during adolescence • Boys tend to spend more time alone • Girls tend to spend more time with friends • More time spent with mother • More conflicts but also more support • Positive relationships with fathers contribute to psychological well-being • Adverse relationships associated with adolescent depression

22. How Do Relationships with One’s Parents Change During the Course of the Teenage Years? • Remaining close to family • More self-reliant and independent, higher self-esteem and better school performance • Conflicts are more frequent • Based on issues of control • Parents and adolescents strive for a balance between independence and family connectedness

23. How Do Relationships With One’s Parents Change During the Course of the Teenage Years? • Parenting Styles • Authoritative parenting • Teens show more competent behavior than other groups • More self-reliant, do better in school • Better mental health, lowest incidence of problems and misconduct

24. How Do Relationships With One’s Peers Change During the Course of the Teenage Years? • Role of peers increases throughout adolescence • Friendships • More friends than younger children • One or two “best friends” and several good friends • Based on acceptance, intimate self-disclosure and mutual understanding • Typically same age, race, and sex • Friendship contributes to • Positive self-concept and psychological adjustment

25. Ethnicity, Sex and Adolescent Friendships • Adolescents choose friends from their ethnic group • Peers from own ethnic group provide support and reduce isolation • Intimacy and closeness more central to girls’ friendships • European American adolescent girls report friendships as more important than boys do • African American adolescent boys and girls report same degree of intimacy and support • Girls’ friendship networks are smaller and more exclusive • Girls tend to participate in unstructured activities • Boys engage in organized group activities

26. What Kind of Adolescent Peer Groups Are There? • Cliques • 5 to 10 people who hang around together • Shared activities and confidences • Crowds • Larger groups who do not spend much time together • Defined by activity or attitude of group • Adolescent peer groups • Spend considerable time together • Function with little or no adult control • May include teens of other sex

27. When Do Romantic Relationships Develop? • Begin in early to middle adolescence • Sequence of dating • Putting oneself in situations with peers of other sex • Group activities that include peers of other sex • Group dating • Two-person dating

28. When Do Romantic Relationships Develop? • Functions of dating • Have fun • Enhance prestige with peers • Provide experiences to learn to relate positively with others • Preparation for adult courtship • Dating in early adolescence • Casual and short-lived • Dating in later adolescence • More stable and committed

29. How Much Influence Do Peers Have On Each Other? • Peer pressure peaks during mid-adolescence • Peers provide standard for behaviors • Peers provide support • Adolescents are influenced by both parents and peers • Peers influence styles and taste • Parents influence moral principles and future goals • Adolescents influence each other both positively and negatively

30. Social Networking Online • Two of three American teenagers and young adults use social networking sites • Socialize with friends • Benefits of social networking • Enhance number of friendships • Increases self-esteem and sense of well-being

31. Sexuality When? What? (How?) Who? Where? and Why? – Not to Mention, “Should I?”

32. What Are Some Patterns of Sexual Behavior in Adolescence? • Masturbation • Most common sexual outlet for teens • Nearly universal among male teens, less among female teens • Sexual Orientation • Sexually attracted to, and interested in forming a relationship • With people of other sex – Heterosexual • With people of same sex – Homosexual • With people of either sex – Bisexual • One may engage in sexual activity outside of sexual orientation

33. A Closer Look – Real Life (and Death) Sexting: One More Way for Adolescents to Stay in Touch

34. Homosexual Sexual Orientation • Stages of sexual identity for gay males and lesbians • Attraction to members of same sex • Self-labeling as gay or lesbian • Sexual contact with members of same sex • Disclosure of sexual orientation to others • Coming out • Accepting one’s homosexuality and declaring it to others • Depression and suicide - higher among gay youth

35. What Do We Know About the Origins of Gay and Lesbian Sexual Orientation • Learning theorists • Reinforcement and observational learning • Aware of sexual orientation before experience sexual contact • Societal condemnation provide few positive effects • Genetic factors • Sibling and twin studies • Sex hormones • Sexual orientation not reliably connected with adults levels of sex hormones • May effect developing embryo and fetus

36. Male and Female Sexual Behavior • Adolescents begin dating earlier than past generations • Earlier dating – more likely to engage in sexual activity in high school • Initiate sexual activity earlier – less likely to use contraception • Incidence of oral sex increases with age • Most teenagers do not plan their first sexual experience

37. A Closer Look – Research Do Sexy TV Shows Encourage Sexual Behavior in Teenagers and Lead to Teenage Pregnancy?

38. Why Do Some Teenagers Initiate Sexual Activity at an Early Age, While Others Wait Until Later? • Effects of puberty • Social factors may regulate sexual behavior more in girls • Early onset puberty – earlier sexual activity • Parental influences • Close relationship with parents – less early sexual activity • Peer influences • Predictor of sexual activity • Sexual activity of best friend

39. Percentage of High School Students Who Have Ever Had Sexual Intercourse, by Race/Ethnicity and Year – United States Figure 16.1

40. Teenage Pregnancy • Throughout history, girls were first becoming pregnant during teens • In US today, 9 in 10 teens who become pregnant do so accidentally and without committed partners • Reasons for teenage pregnancy in US • Little advice on handling sexual advances • Failure to use contraception • Pregnancy may be used to force a commitment, rebel against a parent or moral standards • Miscalculate odds of getting pregnant

41. Percentage of Sexually Active High School Students Who Used a Condom during Last Sexual Intercourse, by Race/Ethnicity and Year – United States Figure 16.2

42. What Are the Consequences of Teenage Pregnancy? • Consequences for pregnant teen • More likely to experience medical complications • Less likely to complete education • Lower salaries • Consequences for teen father • Lower grades in school than peers • Enter workforce at earlier age • Consequences for children of teen mom • Lower cognitive functions • More behavioral, emotional problems • More likely to become teen parent • Consequences result from socially and economically deprived environments, not from the mother’s age

43. Preventing Teenage Pregnancy • Sex education programs • Successful programs • Increase knowledge about sexuality • Delay onset of sexual activity • School-based clinics that distribute contraceptives • Birthrates often drop significantly • Abstinence-only programs • No effect on teenage pregnancy rates

44. A Closer Look – Research How the Centers for Disease Control Gathered Its Information

45. A Closer Look – Research What Parents Want from Sex Education Courses

46. Juvenile Delinquency

47. What Is Juvenile Delinquency? • Illegal activities committed by child or adolescent and come into contact with the criminal justice system • Some activities are illegal only if committed by minors • Status offenses • Ethnicity • Factors for overrepresentation of African American youth in juvenile justice system • Differential offending hypothesis • Differential treatment hypothesis • Economic and family factors

48. The Delinquency Case Rate per 1,000 Juveniles Figure 16.3

49. Living Arrangements of Children According to Race and Ethnicity Figure 16.4

50. What Are the Sex Differences in Delinquent Behavior? • Boys more likely to engage in delinquent behaviors • Boys commit more crimes of violence • Girls commit more status offenses • Running away and truancy