The Conservative Order and Challenges of Reform (1815-1832)

1. The Conservative Order and Challenges of Reform (1815-1832) AP EURO Chapter 20

2. Defining Terms: • 1. Conservatism – Disposition to keep established ways. Opposition to change. • 2. Nationalism – Devotion to national interests, unity & independence. Most powerful ideology of 18th and 19th century • 3. Liberalism –Opposite of conservative. Product of the Enlightenment. Believe in constitutions & representative government.

3. Concert of Europe : 1815-1823 • Congress of Vienna: • Created “harmony” in Europe • Maintained the balance of power, & peace • European borders were re-drawn • Old rulers restored • Some territories assigned to other powers

4. Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818 • Quadruple Alliance - Russia, Austria, Prussia & Great Britain • Agreed to consult w/ each other • Britain eventually disassociated itself from alliance

5. Re- Drawing Borders • Kingdom of Netherlands was created (problem: Belgium wanted independence) • Austria acquired Northern Italy • Kingdom of Poland was created (but controlled by Russia) • German Confederation replacedHoly Roman Empire

6. France: 1815-1830 • Bourbon Monarchy restored after Napoleon • Louis XVIII • Borders restored pre- 1792 • Kept Napoleonic code • Only large property owners allowed to vote

7. France: 1815-1830 • Charles X inherited throne in1824 • Conservative aristocracy • Tried to restore nobles’ land lost during revolution • Opposition against government built in the 1820’s

8. England : 1815-1832 • High unemployment 1820’s • Poor harvests of “corn” – wheat, oats, barley, grain • Led to scarcity of food

9. England : 1815-1832 • Corn Laws – Meant to protect farmers • hurt consumers- high bread prices • Landed aristocracy (conservatives) prevented importation of grains

10. England : 1815-1832 • 1819 : 80,000 protested corn laws • In St. Peter’s fields Soldiers fired at crowd “Peterloo Massacre”

11. English Liberal Movements • 1. 1838 Anti- Corn Law league created • Prime Minister Robert Peel repealed Corn Laws • 2. Chartist Movement – national petition w/ thousands of signatures sent to parliament. * Main issue: male suffrage (voting)

12. Austrian Empire • Prince Metternich (1773-1859) controlled Austria • Made up of Austria, Bohemia, Hungary • Multicultural • Most powerful of German Confederation

13. Prince Metternich • Opposed nationalism & Unification • Dominated the German Confederation made up of many states • Controlled Northern Italy

14. German States : 1815-1830 • Ideals of German Nationalism emerged in Universities • Burschenschaft – student associations • Supported unification of German states

15. German States: 1815-1830 • 1819 a student , Carl Sand assassinated A conservative- August Von Kotzebue • Sand publicly executed

16. German States: 1815-1830 • Metternich passed • “Carlsbad Decrees”: • Outlawed student associations • Applied censorship in all German states • University Professors & students “watched”

17. Greek Revolution 1821 • Ottoman Empire weakened • Liberals in England, France, Russia supported Greek Independence movement • Why?

18. Greek Revolution 1821 • Treaty of London 1827- England, France, Russia • Threatened Turkey if they didn’t grant Greece independence • 1830 Greece declared independent

19. Wars of Independence in Latin America = Liberalism • Post-Napoleon effect on Latin America • 1804-1824 • France lost Haiti • Portugal lost Brazil • Spain lost Mexico, Central & Most South America except for Cuba & Puerto Rico

20. Latin American Independence • *

21. French Colony of Haiti • independence movement 1791-1804 • Center of Sugar production • Population: • Slaves = 500,000 • French = 40,000

22. Haitian Revolution • 1791 Toussaint L’Ouverture, a former slave led rebellion • French occupied w/ Revolution • French give up HAITI

23. 1803 Napoleon Wanted Haiti Back! • Napoleon invited Toussaint L’ouverture to a “conference” • Toussaint was arrested, sent to France , imprisoned • Haiti gainedindependence 1804

24. Fun Fact… • English colonies = 1st American territory to gain independence form European power 1776 • Haiti = 2nd American territory to gain independence from European Power 1804

25. Nueva Espana – New Spain • Creoles born in new world, parents are European (Spanish Peninsulares) • Wanted more power • Better job opportunities • Wanted independence

26. Napoleon… • Invaded Portugal & Spain 1806-1807 • Created a distraction and opportunity for colonies…

27. Mexico • 1. Father Miguel Hidalgo led Mexican Independence 1810 • “El Grito de Dolores” • Captured by Spanish 1811, killed

28. Mexico • 2. Father Jose Morelos • Took over movement 1811-1815 • Executed in 1815

29. Mexico • 3. Agustin Iturbide • Mestizo who passed himself as creole (criollo) • Gained independence 1821 • And then.. He declared himself “Emperor Agustin I”! • OVERTHROWN 1824

30. South America • 1. Simon Bolivar – “el libertador” • Creole led Independence Movement • Gained independence Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia • 1810-1824

31. South America • 2. Jose de San Martin • Led independence movement in Argentina, Chile • 1817

32. Brazil – Portuguese Colony • Portuguese Prince Dom Pedro flees to Brazil after Napoleon’s invasion • Gives Brazil its independence, proclaims himself emperor 1820’s

33. Belgium Gained Independence • Was merged into Kingdom of Netherlands in 1815 • During Congress of Vienna • Differ in language, religion, economy, traditions • Gain independence from Dutch 1830 • King Leopold became King of Belgians

34. Serbian Independence • Sought independence from Ottoman empire • Located along Balkans • Russia became its “protector” • Gained independence 1830