The Conservative Order and the Age of Metternich

1. The Conservative Order and the Age of Metternich The Empires Strike Back!

2. What are these terms?The Key to your AP Existence for the next two weeks or so… • Conservatism – keeping the status quo…keeping the kings in charge and letting the absolute monarchs run the show • Liberalism – open up democracy to the educated and landowning middle class…elect representatives to legislative bodies and avoid mass democracy • Nationalism – a great pride in your culture or country…will be driving force behind separate ethnicities and cultures being administered by their own representative government

3. The Congress of Vienna Let’s fix this!

4. Congress of Vienna • Representatives of major powers of Europe, including France, met to redraw territorial lines and to try and restore the social and political order of the Old Regime • Big Five • Klemens Von Metternich – AUSTRIA • Lord Castlereagh – GREAT BRITAIN • Czar Alexander I – RUSSIA • Some Prussian – PRUSSIA • Minister Talleyrand – FRANCE

5. The Congress of ViennaSeptember 1814-June 1815

7. What the White Men Want • Legitimacy • The deposed kings are returned to their power • Bourbons restored in France, Spain, and Naples • Compensation • Reward states which helped defeat Napoleon with land • England receives naval bases • Austria receives Italian provinces • Russia receives much of Poland, and Alexander becomes king

8. What the White Men Did • Balance of Power • GOAL: Arrange the map so that one country can never gain enough power to be able to take over • Strategies to encircle France • Strengthen the Netherlands – buffer state of “Belgium” • German Confederation (Bund) • Official end of Holy Roman Empire • Austria is President of the Assembly of Confederation • Loose confederation of states where members remained pretty much sovereign

11. Legacy of the Congress of Vienna • Goal – Make a Europe where there will never be another war • Britain emerges as the most powerful country and the lone growing power • Successfully restored the European balance of power…relative peace for the next 100 years • Criticism for limiting and discouraging the spread of Enlightenment ideas • Underestimated the new nationalism generated by the French Revolution

12. THE CONCERT OF EUROPE 1815-1850s

13. Concert of Europe • A series of arrangements to enforce the status quo as defined by the Vienna settlement • Highly conservative and against liberalism/nationalism • Two Components • Quadruple Alliance • Congress System

14. CONCERT OF EUROPEQuadruple Alliance • Quadruple Alliance – Russia, Prussia, Austria, and England • If a dynastic leader was under attack, all members of the Alliance promised to help one another • France was seen as a constant threat • Austria used the alliance to their benefit the most

15. CONCERT OF EUROPECongress System • Congress System • Countries are designed to meet every couple of years to discuss new threats • Worked effectively until 1822 when Britain pulled out • Disagreed with the handling of Spanish rebellion

16. Holy Alliance • Russia, Prussia, Austria • Designed to agree to uphold Christian principles in foreign policy • Britain does not join • More of a way to put down liberalism and nationalism than a way to uphold Christian principles • Reactive, not proactive

17. Quick Writing Assignment • Write the introduction… Discuss the goals and overall legacy of the Congress of Vienna (1814-15). Underline your thesis.

18. Liberalism Something Different.

19. Characteristics of Liberalism • First major theory in Western thought that saw the individual as a self-sufficient being, whose freedom and well-being were the sole reasons for the existence of society • The political outgrowth of the Enlightenment • Believe in… • Liberty of the individual • People should get equal rights before the law • Government should protect natural rights

20. Characteristics of Liberalism • DON’T BELIEVE IN PURE DEMOCRACY AND UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE • Most identify with the bourgeoisie (middle class) and believe voting rights shouldn’t be extended below them to the lower classes

21. Liberalism in Economics • Economics becomes known as the “dismal science” • Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations • No government intervention (laissez-faire) • The Invisible Hand will take negative qualities of people and turn them into good for the economy • Severely opposed to mercantilism

22. Liberalism in Economicsthe debbie downers • David Ricardo • “iron law of wages” • Thomas Malthus • Population vs. food supply

24. Liberalism in Economics • Utilitarianism – Jeremy Bentham • Laws should be made based on “the greatest happiness of the greatest number” • Every law should help the greatest amount of people at the greatest possible amount • John Stuart Mill – On Liberty (1859) • A person should be free as long as it doesn’t infringe on someone else’s freedom • Government should exist to make sure people’s freedom doesn’t’ get infringed upon • Absolute freedom of opinion to be protected from both government censorship and tyranny of majority

25. Impact of Liberalism • Inspired various revolutionary movements of the early 19th century • Left traces in written constitutions which were installed in European countries during the mid-19th century • Translated into the Romantic period of art, music, and literature • Zollverein – 1834 • Economic union of 17 German states which eliminated internal tariffs and established free trade • Free trade was a liberal idea

27. CONSERVATISM

28. What is Conservatism? • A reaction to liberalism and a popular alternative for those frightened by the violence, terror, and social disorder of the French Revolution • Supported by traditional ruling classes and peasants • Believed in order, society, the state, faith, and tradition • Basically  Make life the way it was before the French Revolution

29. The Biggest Threat… • The bourgeoisie (middle class), which had stirred up the lower classes in France

30. Edmund Burke • Reflections of the Revolution in France • One of the great intellectual defenses of European conservatism • Predicted anarchy and dictatorship in France as a result of the French Revolution • Advised England to go slow in adapting its own liberties

31. Klemens Von Metternich • Foreign minister of Austria and chief architect of the Congress of Vienna • Particularly concerned about the multi-ethnic character of the Austrian empire • Did not want the ideas of the French Revolution to take root in his empire

33. Austria and the German Confederation • Austria had the most to lose with FR ideas in play • Carlsbad Diet (1819) – instituted by Concert • Carlsbad Decrees cracked down on liberalism in universities and drove liberalism and nationalism underground • Any teacher talking about Enlightenment ideas will be fired • Student organizations would be monitored by student spies • Materials pushing for German unification will be censored

34. Excerpt from Carlsbad Decrees • “The confederated governments mutually pledge themselves to remove from the universities or other public educational institutions all teachers who, by obvious deviation from their duty or by exceeding the limits of their functions, or by the abuse of their legitimate influence over the youthful minds, or by propagating harmful doctrines hostile to public order or subversive of existing governmental institutions, shall have unmistakably proved their unfitness for the important of fice entrusted to them...”

35. Prussia • Hohenzollern dynasty continues to rule • Liberal reforms in Prussia after 1815 were designed to increase government efficiency instead of giving the people more freedom • Government and Junkers work together to suppress liberal and nationalist movements

36. Great Britain • Tories vs. Whigs • Conservative Tories control the government • Corn Laws (1815) • Cheaper foreign grains cannot be imported • Benefited wealthy landowners who could jack up the prices of domestic product • Habeas corpus repealed for first time in British history

37. Great Britain • Peterloo Massacre (1819) • Pro-liberal crowd in Manchester attacked by police • Crowd wanted the Corn Laws repealed and universal suffrage for all men • 11 killed and 400 were injured • Press will be brought under control, mass meetings will be abolished, and liberals are scared to protest • England – moving toward a conservative, authoritarian state by 1820

39. John Tyas, Newspaper Correspondent, The Times • It appears by every account that has yet reached London, that in the midst of the Chairman's speech, within less than twenty minutes from the commencement of the meeting, the Yeomanry Cavalry of the town of Manchester charged the populace sword in hand, cut their way to the platform, and with the police at their head, made prisoners of Hunt and several of those who surrounded him - seized the flags of the Reformers - trampled down and cut down a number of the people, who, after throwing some stones and brickbats at the cavalry in its advance towards the hustings, fled on all sides in the utmost confusion and dismay.

40. John Tyas, Newspaper Correspondent, The Times • Of the crowd ... a large portion consisted of women. About 8 or 10 persons were killed, and, besides those whom their own friends carried off, above 50 wounded were taken to the hospitals; but the gross number is not supposed to have fallen short of 80 or 100, more or less, grievously wounded... • Was that [meeting] at Manchester an 'unlawful assembly'? Was the notice of it unlawful? We believe not. Was the subject proposed for discussion an unlawful object? Assuredly not. Was any thing done at this meeting before the cavalry rode in upon it, either contrary to law or in breach of the peace? No such circumstance is recorded in any of the statements which have yet reached our hands.

41. Government Reaction • The Government completely endorsed the magistrates' actions and decided it was an illegal meeting anyway. In a letter to Canning on 23 September 1819, Lord Liverpool said: • When I say that the proceedings of the magistrates at Manchester ... were justifiable, you will understand me as not by any means deciding that the course which they pursued on that occasion was in all its parts prudent. A great deal might be said in their favour even on this head; but, whatever judgement might be formed in this respect, being satisfied that they were substantially right, there remained no alternative but to support them.

42. France • Charter of 1814 – established a constitutional monarchy under Louis XVIII • Bicameral legislature – Chamber of Deputies and Chamber of Peers • 1816 – moderate royalists were brought to power through the election…want to roll France back to an absolutist state

43. France • Spanish revolution crushed in 1823, and French troops were brought in by the Concert of Europe to restore Ferdinand VII, a Bourbon, back to the throne • 1820 – heir to the throne was murdered and royalists use it to crack down on liberals • Louis XVIII gets more reactionary and conservative the longer he remains in power

44. Russia • Death of Alexander I in 1825 leaves power vacuum • Younger brother Nicholas was in line to rule • Decembrist Uprising (1825) • Junior military officers (decembrists) supported liberal measures in government, unlike Nicholas • Sought to prevent Nicholas’s ascension to the throne • Revolt failed, and the leaders and sentenced to death • Botched hanging • Nicholas I becomes the most reactionary monarch

47. Nationalism a great pride in your culture or country…will be driving force behind separate ethnicities and cultures being administered by their own representative government