The New South

1. The New South

2. The Bourbon Triumvirate (Redeemer) • Democrats controlled Georgia’s government after Reconstruction between the years of 1872-1890. • Powerful Democratic leaders (political power), known as the “Bourbon Triumvirate” were Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, and John B. Gordon. • Their goals were: • expand Georgia’s economy and ties with industries (ex. Textile mills) in the North • maintain the tradition of white supremacy.

3. The Bourbon Triumvirate (Redeemer) • Ideas they had in common • White Supremacy- The belief that the white race is superior to any other races • Criticized for these problems • Not helping the poor • Not improving education • Poor factory and jail conditions

4. Henry Grady (New South Era) • Challenged the Bourbon Triumvirate- wanted Georgia to be more industrialized. • Henry Grady was known as the “Voice of the South” because of his newspaper influence. (New South) • Made African-Americans part of his economic growth • Helped plan the International Cotton Exposition. • Brought investors from the North which created jobs to Georgia.

5. International Cotton Exposition (p. 361) • Was a 3 month exposition (show) held in Georgia in 1895. • The Purpose was to: • Show how cotton was made into a marketable product • Show off the economic recovery of the South • Bring Northern investors (money) to Georgia. • To highlight Georgia’s Natural Resources.

6. Rebecca Latimer Felton (p. 315 -316) • Independent Democrat who was against the Bourbon Triumvirate • Involved in the Women’s Suffrage movement (trying to help women get the right to vote)- 19th amendment • Involved in the Temperance Movement -18th amendment • Women and Men against alcohol abuse • Leader of the temperance movement. • Columnist for Atlanta Journal for 41 years (prison reform) • Prison Reform- Wanted to ensure people were obeying the rules of the Convict Lease System. • CLS- prisoners used for labor by private businesses/industry. Business’ openly violated regulations Best Remembered for: She was the first woman in the U.S. Senate (she only served one day at the age of 87)

7. Tom Watson and the Populists (p. 346 -348) • Members of labor organizations joined to form a new political party called the People’s Party. It was usually called the Populist Party.- did not support RR and utility ownership • The Grange and Farmer’s Alliance • Wanted to make life easier for the “common man” (all colors) • Bring reform in agriculture • Elected to General Assembly (Ga. state legislature) as a Democrat (supported by all people) • Became a Populist(of the people)-Elected to U.S. House of Representatives • Passing RFD (Rural Free Delivery Bill) • This bill meant that rural farm families would now have their mail delivered to their homes for free. • Took several years to put into place, but farm families no longer had to travel to the nearest post office for their mail. • His views on Civil Rights “did a 180”

8. Jim Crow Laws (p. 351 -352) • Laws made by states and cities to segregate (keep separate) the African-Americans and whites • Separate-but-equal facilities for everything • People could be punished for “consorting” with members of another race • Intermarriage was illegal • Businesses and public institutions were told to keep their black and white clientele separated

9. Jim Crow Laws (p. 351- 352) “Separate but Equal” African-Americans: • Kept them from voting • They had inferior facilities • Made them feel they were not good enough Whites: • Segregation (separation of the races)-was the way of life • Made whites feel superior

10. Plessey v. Ferguson (p. 352) • Case was known as ”Separate-but-equal” ruling • Georgia/other southern states continued “separate-but-equal” in all forms of daily life. • This Supreme Court ruling gave the new “black codes” called Jim Crow Laws, a legal right to be enforced if violated by African Americans.

11. Booker T. Washington (p. 353- 354) • Born a slave-raised as son of former sharecroppers • Civil rights leader • College professor and president of Tuskegee Institute (Alabama) • Gave speech at the International Cotton States Exposition – “Atlanta Compromise Speech” 1895 • Proposed that blacks and whites should agree to benefitfrom each other economically • Blacks and whites did not have to mix socially • Blacks should not push for equal rights but workto improve themselves- learn a skill and no violence • Get a job any job – “Equality will come overtime”

12. W.E.B. Dubois (p. 355- 356) • Civil rights leader • Professor at Atlanta University • Wanted and pushed for social and political integration of races. Wanted equal rights for all citizens immediately. • Felt Washington’s ideas would keep blacks in a position that was lower than whites. • Wanted higher education for 10% of the black population (“Talented Tenth”) so they could become leaders for all other blacks. • Organized the Niagara Movement to end Jim Crow laws- This movement was made of a group of black educators and professionals. Later became known as the NAACP. • Helped found the National Association for theAdvancement of Colored People (NAACP)

13. 1906 Atlanta Riot (p. 358) • Newspaper articles, written by important business men like Tom Watson added to stress. • Based on reports about African-Americans inappropriate interactions with white women and alcohol abuse (some true/some not) • The increase in population put pressure on race relations because of job competition. • Response was to pass laws restricting African Americans. • Martial law (military rule) needed to bring Atlanta under control • Riot lasted 3 days- 18 African-Americans killed, 3 whites killed, hundreds injured • High cost of property damage (buildings burned and destroyed)

14. Racial Violence • Threat of racial violence was used to stop African Americans from voting or getting more power • KKK used violence such as beatings, burnings, and lynchings to enforce segregation • Lynching became common practice of the racial extremists; particularly the KKK. • A lynching is an illegal hanging, usually by mobs, or burning at the stake of African Americans in the United States.

15. Leo Frank (p. 359 -360) • Found guilty of killing 13 year old-Mary Phagan • Governor of Georgia Slaton commuted his sentence to life in prison • A group of prominent men (ex governor, mayor, judge, lawyers, business owners) took Leo Frank from his cell in Milledgeville, drove him to Marietta, and hung him from a tree in front of Mary Phagan’s house. • Rebirth of the KKK (Ku Klux Klan) This was a huge “setback” in Civil Rights Other results: • Governor had to leave state • Prominent men became “vigilantes” • People started thinking about “child labor” laws

16. John & Lugenia Burns Hope • Believed that black people should have the same quality programs as whites • John Hope was president of Atlanta Baptist College (Morehouse) • Was a friend of W.E.B DuBois and helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) • Lugenia Hope fought for good housing, health care, jobs and recreational programs for blacks in Atlanta and the United States • Helped organize the Boys and Girls Club in Atlanta • Organized Neighborhood Union -to improve living conditions for black people

17. County Unit System • 1917 Main political party in Georgia was the Democratic party • County Unit System established by the McNeill Primary Act • The 8 larger counties had 2/3 of the voters- 6 units • The other 121 smaller counties had 1/3 of the voters- 2 units • Using the County Units, the smaller counties with only 1/3 of the voters could win an election • Candidates could win an election without a majority of the votes • CUS was declared “Unconstitutional” and ended in 1962

18. Alonzo Herndon • Born a slave • Black businessman who owned many barbershops and later bought a small insurance company and owned over 100 houses (for rentals) • Atlanta Mutual Insurance Company - hired black college graduates to run the company • Now called the Atlanta Life Insurance Company and is one of the largest African American owned businesses in the USA

19. Disfranchisement • Right to vote granted by 15th amendment • Southern states made it difficult for African-American men to vote • 1900-47% of Georgia was AA • Grandfather clause-only men whose grandfathers voted in 1867 were allowed to vote • Poll tax-tax to be able to vote • Literacy test-had to be able to read • Gerrymander- to draw up the voting district to benefit a certain group • White Primary • Property Requirements