The Middle and Southern Colonies

1. The Middle and Southern Colonies

2. The Middle Colonies • New York • New Jersey • Pennsylvania • Delaware

3. New Netherland Becomes New York • New Netherland settled by the Dutch in 1624 • The Dutch West India company used the patroon system to attract settlers • A patroon is a person who received land as a reward for bringing 50 settlers to New Netherland

4. New Netherland Becomes New York • Puritans, Jews, and Africans slaves were among those who lived in New Netherland • Colony’s governor was Peter Stuyvesant.

5. New Netherland Becomes New York • English saw Dutch control of New Netherlands as a threat because: • Closeness to other colonies • Threat to English trade • Duke of York, brother of King Charles II, drove the Dutch out by surrounding the city of New Amsterdam (New York) • New Netherland became New York , a proprietary colony. The Duke was the proprietor, or owner.

6. New Jersey • Given to Sir George Carteret and Lord John Berkeley by their friend the Duke of York • Promised religious freedom, large land grants, and a representative assembly.

7. Pennsylvania • William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, was given the land by King Charles II due to a debt owed to his family. • Founded for Quakers • Promised religious freedom and equality for all • Penn’s policies made Pennsylvania one the wealthiest colonies

8. Delaware • Originally the three lower counties of Pennsylvania. • They broke away to form the colony of Delaware

9. A Wealth of Resources • Longer growing season and rich soil made the growing of cash crops, or crops raised to be sold for money, a common source of income.

10. Diversity • Dutch and German farmers brought advanced agricultural methods • Skills, knowledge, and hard work soon led to an abundance of foods

11. The Importance of Mills • Gristmills were used to crush grain between two heavy stones to produce flour or meal. • Mills were powered by humans, animals, or rivers • Middle colonies had many rivers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HgL0HluK5ig

12. The Growth of Cities in the Middle Colonies • Harbors along the coast gave birth to cities • New York City grew up at the mouth of the Hudson River • Philadelphia grew up at the mouth of the Delaware River • Exported cash crops and imported manufactured goods from Europe

13. Germans in the Middle Colonies • Largest of group of non-English immigrants • Many came as indentured servants fleeing religious intolerance • Strong tradition of craftsmanship brought many artisans, or craftspeople to the Middle Colonies

14. Germans in the Middle Colonies • Conestoga wagons were built to carry produce to town • Wide wheels suitable for dirt roads • Canvas covers offer protection

15. Religious Tolerance • Middle colonies much more tolerant of other faiths than in New England • Dutch of New York and Quakers of Pennsylvania both practiced religious tolerance • Quakers were anti-slavery and opposed to cruel treatment of Native Americans • Quakers insisted on equality of men and women • Example: Quaker women served as preachers

16. The Southern Colonies • Maryland • Virginia • North Carolina • South Carolina • Georgia

17. Maryland • Founded by Lord Baltimore in 1632 as a refuge for Roman Catholics • Promised religious freedom and passed the Toleration Act in 1649. • Economy based on tobacco and slaves

18. The Carolinas • Carolina founded in 1663 • City of Charleston became a refuge for Huguenots • Grew rice and indigo, which created a need for slave labor • Used enslaved Africans and local Native Americans were bought and sold as well

19. The Carolinas • Colonists overthrew proprietary rule, so it became a royal colony, or ruled by governors appointed by the king, in 1729. • Split into North Carolina and South Carolina

20. Georgia • Founded by James Oglethorpe • Filled with convicts who were imprisoned for owing taxes • Sentences were forgiven in exchange for going to colony to work

21. The Plantation Economy • Almost year-round growing season and rich soil • Plantation farming became a way of life • Created a demand for slave labor

22. The Plantation Economy • Plantations were self-sufficient • Made or produced almost everything they needed • Because of this, large cities like those in the North were rare – Charles Town was the exception

23. The Turn To Slavery

24. Plantations Expand

25. The Planter Class • Term used to describe the VERY wealthy • Very few owned the majority of the land • Owned LOTS of slaves to work the land • Controlled all of the political and economic power • This situation remained until the Civil War

26. Life Under Slavery • Slaves worked in groups under the supervision of overseers – men hired to watch over and direct the work of slaves • Usually worked 15 hours a day. Whipped by the overseer if they seemed they weren’t working hard enough

27. Life Under Slavery • Lived in small, one-room cabins furnished only with sleeping cots • Give very little to eat • Example: ¼ bushel of corn and 1 pound of pork per week • Some could raise their own gardens

28. Resistance to Slavery • Subtle Resistance • Working slowly • Damaging owner’s property • Doing things the wrong way purposefully • Not-so-subtle resistance • Slave Revolts • Example: Stono Rebellion • Effects of Slave Rebellions • Slaves forbidden to leave plantations without permission • Illegal for slaves to meet with free blacks

29. The Backcountry • Appalachian mountains run from eastern Canada south to Alabama

31. Backcountry Settlers • Some made living by trading with Native Americans • Springs and streams provided water and forests provided wood for log cabins and fences • Paid for goods with deerskins. One buckskin was called a ………………..

32. Backcountry Homes • Filled holes with mud, grass, and clay • Sawed out doors and windows • Paper smeared with animal fat to cover their windows

33. The Scots - Irish Came from borderland between Scotland and England

34. Backcountry Life • “She is a very civil women and shows nothing of ruggedness or Immodesty in her carriage, yett she will carry a gunn in the woods and kill deer, turkeys, etc., shoot doun wild cattle, catch and tyehoggs, knock down cattle with an ax and perform the most manfull Exercises.”