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Age of Exploration. Before the late 15 th century exploration was primarily related to land travel Trade routes were over the Mediterranean and Indian oceans but linked up to land routes Silk Road In earlier times more attention given to
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Before the late 15th century exploration was primarily related to land travel • Trade routes were over the Mediterranean and Indian oceans but linked up to land routes • Silk Road • In earlier times more attention given to • Development of larger regional economies and cultural zones • 15th century will be more about a global network
Exploration • 1400’s Europeans looked for better route to Asia • Overland trade under control of Arabs and Italians and other nations want in. • Look to the uncharted oceans as the answer
Advancements • Astrolabe • Used to determine the altitude of sun or stars • Measure distance of the sun and the stars above the horizon. • Helps determine latitude • Magnetic compass • Ptolemy • Grid system that will become longitude and latitude • Gunpowder adapted to gunnery
Lateen • Triangular sail that enable a ship to sail against the wind • Multiple sails • Especially important in India Ocean where had to deal with monsoons • Invented by Chinese prior to 15th century • Rudder move to back of ship from the side • More maneuverable • Which made it possible to have larger ships • Invented by Chinese (Han)
Caravel • Ship that drew little water making it able to go into shallow water • Bigger ships that had larger cargo rooms • Magnetic Compass • Allowed sailors to determine direction with being in sight of land • Borrowed from Chinese, through trade with Arabs
Some of these inventions had existed prior to the 15th century • But it was during the late 15th century that they converge on one continent
Early leaders will be Portugal and Spain • “floating empires of the wind” • Control major shipping routes in the • Indian Ocean • Indonesia • Atlantic Ocean
Increase in European trade will be encourage • Formation of Hanseatic League • Crusades will set off a search for new efficient trade routes • Portugal will take the led because • Location– near western coast of Africa • Established trade relations with Arabs • Prince Henry
Prince Henry the Navigator • Three goals • Explore and chart the entire African coastline • Establish trade • Spread of Christianity • School to train sea captains and mapmakers
Explorers • Dias • First around the southern tip of Africa • Vasco da Gama • First all water route to India
Christopher Columbus • Search for route to Asia by sailing west • Nina , Pinta and Santa Maria • Rodigo Triana • First actually site land
Amerigo Vespucci • German mapmaker who realized that Columbus had discovered a new continent • Name area America after him.
Line of Demarcation • Imaginary line that divided newly discovered land between Spain and Portugal • Developed by Pope to prevent fighting between two • Treaty of Tordesillas • Original line will be move further west when Portugal upset • Reason that Brazil is the only Portuguese speaking nation in South America
Brazil • First major plantation zone • Tropical crops desire by Europeans • 1532-1549 colonization • Captaincies • Minor Portuguese nobles granted strips of land
Magellan • First to circumnavigate the globe • Balboa • Named the Pacific ocean
Ponce de Leon • Explored Florida in search of the Fountain of youth • Giovanni da Verrazano • Explored North America coast for France • Sir Francis Drake • First Englishman to circumnavigate the world
Northern European nations will become active in conquest and exploration in the later part of the 16th century because • Improved ship design by Dutch and English • Faster ships • English will search for a northwest passage to India
John Cabot • Explored coast of North America • Henry Hudson • Sailed for Dutch • Look for northwest passage • Hudson River and Hudson Bay
Explorers will rely on the backing of a country • Cost • risk • protection for trade routes– especially desire by merchants • Dutch and British exploration will differ from Iberian nations in that rely on • merchants and charter trading companies • British East India Company • Expansion of trade routes and colonialism will be important in the rise of nationalism and the development of strong monarchs
European maritime will • Create a new world economy • Involving both Africa and America in international trade • Formation of colonies • New international pool for exchange of • Food, manufacture goods, and disease • End with era of Japanese maritime dominance • Westerners dominate international trade
Even though Columbus fails to discover gold in America- Spain will gain great wealth from the Aztecs and Incas Empires • Conquistadors • Looking for the 3 G’s • Gold, Glory and God • Will introduce horse to Americas
Conquistadors • Most will be of humble origins- not many were professional soldiers • Ambitious • Will receive permission from crown for the expedition for the promise of paying 1/5 of any treasure to the crown • Many will be cruel • Will view themselves as new nobility with right to dominate the Indians
Cortes • Travels to Mexico in search of the gold • Malinche • Interpreter who will tell Cortes of legend and lead him to the Aztec capital • Aztecs will believe that Cortes is the God Quetzalcoatl returning • Cortes will play the role
Aztec Emperor Montezuma II will be taken prisoner • Held for 8 months • Cortes will be force to flee but vows to return • Will united the other native people of Mexico and will destroy Tenochtitlan
Disease • Disease will be a powerful weapon against the Aztecs • Small pox was unknown in America • No resistance to the disease • Combination of disease, better weapons and assistance of Aztecs enemies will cause the Aztec population to drop by 18 million in 60 years.
Pizarro • Will conquer the Incas • Incas had been weaken by civil war • Incan ruler Atahualpa will be capture and killed
Spanish had two major goals for the Americas • Acquire wealth • Convert native Americans to Christianity • Viceroys • Appointed governors to run the empire • Audiencias • 10 judicial divisions of New Spain and Peru • Superior courts • Recopilacion • Law code that became the basis of law in the West Indies
Hierarchical • Colonial Society • Peninsulares • Group of Spanish officials sent to govern the colonies • Creoles • People born in the colonies to Spanish parents • Look down upon by Spanish monarchy • Barred from high positions • Educated, wealthy and later will become leaders of independence movements
Mestizos • European with native American ancestry • Mulattos • European with African ancestry • Native American
Used encomienda system • Similar to feudal system • Grant peninsulares land and the right to use native American labor • In return Peninsulares were expected to protect natives and convert them to Christianity • Mita- forced labor
Spanish will have advantage over Indians • Horses • Firearms & steel weapons • Epidemic disease • Fear • Play on Indian rivalries and internal divisions
Priest Bartolome de Las Casas • Tried to protect native Americans • Suggest that Spanish colonist use Africans rather than Indians for labor • Will later regret the suggestion
Encomiendas will be discontinue around 1620 because • Spanish will not accept the new nobility • Decline in Indian population
Commercial Revolution • Trade and Empire building was made possible by new financing schemes • investing money • Imports of American bullion • speeding the flow of wealth • reducing risks in commercial ventures • Form trading companies • Manufacturing • New goods
Proletariat • Group of people without access to property • Develop as result of inflation and commercialism • Care about problems of the poor
Form the roots of modern financial and business life • Banks • Church will finally give in and allow individuals to lend money and charge interest • No longer a sin • Banking will become respectable
Joint stock companies • Allowed individuals to invest in exploration • Pools the cost and the risk of the exploration • Investors buy shares of stock- share in profit hopefully • Less risk • Middle class of merchants will developed- which attracted more investors • Concept of stock market system that exist today
Later these companies will secure royal charters for the colonies • Example- Jamestown colony in Virginia • Even when they did not establish colonies, monarchs granted monopolies for trade routes • Muscovy Company • English monopolized trade routes to Russia • Dutch East India Company • Controlled routes for Dutch to the Spice Islands (Indonesia)
Mercantilism • Increase trade will lead to macroeconomic theory of mercantilism • Theory that a state’s power depended upon its wealth • Measure the nation’s wealth by amount of bullion (gold and silver) it own • Gain wealth by having a favorable balance of trade • Export more goods than they import • Ultimate aim is to become self sufficient
Trade deficits forced dependencies on others which imply weakness • Once country’s surplus had to be meet by another country’s deficit • To solve this issue- European countries colonize • Gave mother country raw resources and create a market for their goods • Monarchies will promoted domestic industry and placed tariffs on imports from competing empires
Colonies resented the mercantilism policies • Their resources were taken and then force to pay for products from the mother country • Also the taxes will cause a lot of resentment
Columbian Exchange • Exchange of culture and products between America and Europe
Food, animals, resources exchange between the New World and America will result in changes for both regions • Remember the exchange also included diseases, weapons, idea and people • European play a major role in the spread of disease to America • Over 50% of American Indians will died following European colonization
American food that travel to the east increased population of Europe • Cassava, corn, peanuts, tobacco, squash & potatoes • Urban population increased which led to increased cultivation and enclosure of land • With increased cultivation came movement into previously rural areas
Two key products of the Columbian exchange was sugar and silver • Sugarcane originally from India came to Caribbean via Columbus • Production resulted in development of plantations • Which result in an increase demand for labor • Meet by slave trade once they figured out that native Americas did not adjust well to forced labor
Silver • Spanish will monopolized the world market of Silver • Aztecs and Incas • Also used force labor • Spanish Control of Latin America silver will open doors with Ming China • Chinese desire the silver • Spanish will have access to Philippines, China and the Pacific Ocean • Will make the world a smaller place
Spanish Commercial system will be organized around the mining economy • Spain fail to hold its dominance in world trade because • Banking and internal economy not sufficient enough to handle all the bullion from the new world • Contribute to sharp increase in prices and inflation • Lack of manufacturing
Importation of gold will cause Portugal • Fail to develop manufacturing • Will become dependent on the purchase of manufactured goods from other countries
Attempts by colonials to revolt against Spain and Portuguese will fail because • Fear • Concern about upsetting the social hierarchy • Failure to act together