Age of Exploration

1. Age of Exploration Ch. 2 Sec. 1 Ch. 3 Sec. 4/5

2. The Search for spices Ch. 14 Sec. 1

3. Reasons for Exploration • With a growing population- higher demand for traded goods • Most valued items were spices to preserve food, add flavor to meat, and for medicines and perfume • Moluccas: island chain known as Spice Islands • Set out in search of direct access to Asia

5. Portugal Sails East • Prince Henry sponsored exploration for Portugal • First discovered/claimed Madeira and Azores islands • Expanded into Muslim North Africa • Opportunity to convert Africans to Christianity • Hoped to find easier way to reach Asia- would have to go around Africa

7. Portugal Sails East Con’t • Henry gathered scientists, cartographers- map makers, and other experts to prepare for a long voyage • Redesigned ships, drew maps, trained captains • Worked their way South to explore western coast of Africa

8. Portugal Sails East Con’t • Henry died in 1460 but the quest continued • 1488: Bartholomeu Dias rounded Cape of Good Hope • 1497: Vasco da Gama- reached spice port of Calicut in India • Very rough journey, but proved highly profitable- created a trade network

10. Columbus Sails West • News of Portugal’s success inspired Italian navigator Christopher Columbus • Wanted to reach East Indies by sailing West across Atlantic • Underestimated Earth’s size • Portugal would not sponsor him, but Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain did • Rulers hoped Columbus’s voyage would bring wealth and prestige

11. Columbus Sails West • Aug. 3, 1492: Columbus sailed West • Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria • Oct. 12: land was spotted • Spent several months cruising around islands of Caribbean • Thought he reached Indies- called locals Indians • 1493: returned home to discover later he found a new continent

14. Dividing the Globe • Ferdinand and Isabella appealed to Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI • Wanted support of their claim to the new world • Pope set Line of Demarcation- line set by Treaty of Tordesillas dividing the non-European world into two zones, one controlled by Spain (west) and the other Portugal (East) • Led to building empires quickly to claim land

16. Naming Western Hemisphere • Amerigo Vespucci, Italian sea Captain, wrote journal describing his voyage to Brazil • Martin Waldseemuller used Vespucci’s description to publish map- which he labeled “America” • Term turned to “Americas” which came to be used for both continents • Islands Columbus explored became West Indies

18. Search Continues • English, Dutch, and French explored coast of North America for “northwest passage” • Unsuccessful • Vasco Nunez de Balboa made passage westward through forests of Panama • Sept. 20, 1519: Ferdinand Magellan (Spain) set out to find a route to Pacific Ocean • Sailed coast of South America exploring each bay • Nov. 1520: found a passage – later known as Strait of Magellan • Renamed South Sea to Pacific (Latin for peaceful)

19. Search Continues • Most of the crew wanted to return the way they came • Magellan wanted to continue West • He underestimated size of Pacific- took longer than expected • March 1522 (3 years after setting out) reached Philippines- Magellan was killed • Survivors were first to circumnavigate- sail around the world

21. The Atlantic Slave Trade Ch. 3 Sec. 4

22. Triangular Trade Across Atlantic • Spanish were first major European partners in slave trade • After other European nations established colonies in Americas they joined slave trade network • Atlantic Slave trade formed one part of three-legged international trade network- Triangular Trade- triangle shaped series of Atlantic trade routes linking Europe, Africa, and Americas

24. Shipping People and Goods • First leg: merchant ships brought European goods (guns, cloth, and cash) to Africa • Merchants traded these goods for slaves • Second leg: Middle Passage: slaves were transported to Americas • Slaves traded for sugar, molasses, cotton, furs, rum, and other manufactured products • Third leg: merchants carried American goods to Europe where they were sold at a profit

25. Interactive Map: Triangular Trade Routes

26. Industries and Cities thrive • Triangular trade immediately profitable for many people • Merchants: even though risk of losing ships • Industries that supported trade: shipbuilding • Other colonial industries: fishing, tobacco, sugar • Led to successful port cities

27. Horrors of Middle Passage • To merchants was just another voyage/ for enslaved Africans it was a horror • Most slaves were taken from inland villages • Forced to march to coastal ports (up to 1,000 miles) • Bound by ropes and chains to one another • Might be forced to carry heavy loads • Those who lived the march were held in port holding pens and warehouses

28. Horrors of Middle Passage Con’t • Once purchased- packed below decks of slave ships • Hundreds packed into single vessel for voyages from 3 weeks to 3 months • Ships faced storms, raids by pirates, mutinies- revolts by captives • Disease was biggest threat • Most died of dysentery, others smallpox, other unknown diseases • Ships became known as “floating coffins” • Suicide was common

31. Impact of Slave Trade • Brought enormous wealth to merchants and traders • Provided labor to help colonial economies grow • African states/societies were torn apart • 1500s: estimated 2,000 Africans sent to Americas each yr. • 1780s: approached 80,000 a year • Mid 1800s: slave trade was “stopped”

32. Effects of Global Contact Ch. 3 Sec. 5

33. Columbian Exchange • Columbus’s return to Spain brought plants and animals found in the Americas • Later that year, Columbus returned to Americas with European plants and animals along with colonists • He began a vast global exchange that would affect the world • Since it started with Columbus we call it Columbian Exchange

34. Columbian Exchange

35. Diagram of Columbian Exchange

36. New Foods and Animals • From Americas to Europe: • Tomatoes, pumpkins, peppers, corn and potatoes • Potatoes, easy and cheap to grow, helped feed Europe’s growing population • Corn became world’s most important cereal crops • From Europe to Americas: • Wheat, grapes, cattle, pigs, goats, chickens, horses and donkeys • Bananas and sugar cane from Africa and Asia

37. Global Population Grows • Exchange of food crops contributed to world population growth • Exchange sparked migration of millions • Europeans began to sail to Americas- promise of new life and land opportunities • Slave trade brought millions of Africans to Americas • In some parts of world, population declined: • European diseases (smallpox & measles) spread and killed Native Americans • Others wiped out due to conflicts

38. Commercial Revolution • 1500s prices began to rise, also, there was much more money in circulation • Inflation: a rise in prices that is linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available • Caused by large amount of silver/gold flowing into Euro from Americas • Price Revolution: The period in Euro history when inflation rose rapidly

40. Capitalism Emerges • Expanded trade, increased money supply, and push for overseas empires spurred growth of European capitalism: economic system in which businesses are owned privately • Entrepreneurs: people who take on financial risk to make profits • Key to success of capitalism • Organized, managed, and assumed the risks of doing business • Hired workers, paid for raw materials, transport, and other costs of production

41. Exploring New Business Methods • Early Europeans discovered new ways to create wealth • Adapted ideas of bookkeeping from Arabs • Banks increased in importance allowing wealthy merchants to lend money at interest • Joint stock companies allowed people to pool investment to fund overseas adventures • “Putting-Out” system bypassed guilds • Separated capital and labor for the first time • Leads to capitalist-owned factories of Industrial Rev.

42. Putting Out/ Colonial System

43. Mercantilism Arises • Monarchs enjoyed benefits of commercial revolution- led to mercantilism: policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver

44. Mercantilism System • Overseas colonies existed for benefit of parent country • They provided resources and raw materials not available in Europe • Euro powers passed strict laws regulating trade • Colonies could not set up own industries, forbidden to buy goods from foreign counties

46. Increase National Wealth • To boost production- governments exploited mineral and timber resources, built roads and backed new industries • Imposed national currencies and standard weights and measures • Imposed tariffs: taxes on imported goods • Led to rise of national government • Had a lot of control over economies • Debatable if system made economies wealthier

47. Impact on European Society • Societies still divided into distinct social classes • Price revolution hurt nobles and helped overseas capitalists • Change took generations to be felt by majority of Europeans • Merchants/skilled workers thrived, hired laborers who served middle/upper class lived on edge of poverty