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Age of Exploration

Age of Exploration. W’s . What: Search for spices and trade routes for wealth. When: 1300s – 1700s Who: Portuguese(1), Spanish (2), English(3) Why: Adventures spirit, desire for a direct route to random places Increased Knowledge/Education New Inventions Faster and more efficient ships

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Age of Exploration

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  1. Age of Exploration

  2. W’s • What: Search for spices and trade routes for wealth. • When: 1300s – 1700s • Who: Portuguese(1), Spanish (2), English(3) • Why: Adventures spirit, desire for a direct route to random places • Increased Knowledge/Education • New Inventions • Faster and more efficient ships • Accurate maps

  3. New and Improved Sailing Navigational Technology • Astrolabe: measure latitude by finding a point on the horizon and using sun, stars, and/or moon. • Compass: Magnetic pull used on a device to tell the direction on Nth, Sth, Est, or Wst. • Caravel Ship: • Light and fast • Rudder System – faster and easier turns • Lateen Sail – catch wind from any direction

  4. Cartography • Map making (new and more accurate map)

  5. Reasons for European Exploration • Money - $$ • Land • New land = tax • Land could be used for agricultural purposes (farming) • Wealth • Exploit new lands and resources • 3G’s – GOD, GOLD, GLORY

  6. Portuguese Explorers • Prince Henry: wanted to find a route around Africa. • Wanted to spread Christianity • He re-designed ships • Open school to teach navigation to people • Died in 1460 • Left behind multiple maps

  7. Bartolomeu Diaz Student of Prince Henry Found the bottom of Africa. His works weren’t finished when he died

  8. Vasco da Gama • 1479, led 4 ships around Cape of Good Hope • After 10 months, he finally found the end of India. • Many people died with a lack of vitamins • 3,000% profit from whatever was recovered from where you sailed to • They lived off of salted meat and tack • Meat – salted to allow it to be preserved • Tack – looked like dog biscuits

  9. Ferdinand Magellan 1519 – sailed five ships from Spain Rounded around South America It took 4 months to get to the Philippines even thought they predicted only 3 weeks. Only 17 people survived the trip there and back

  10. Christopher Columbus • Italian navigator who sailed for Spain. (He thought the Earth was round.) • No one supported him except Spain. • Spain and the Queen financed his journey • There were three ships • Pinta • Nina • Santa Maria • Found the Caribbean Islands

  11. Hernan Cortes • Spanish conquistadors landed in Mexico with 600 men, 16 horses, and a few canons. • Natives thought that him and his warriors were Gods. • Natives didn't make any metals • Spears were made out of Stone. • Used rivalry to get Aztecs to fight with each other • Cortes moved to Tenochtitlan • Natives disliked Aztecs • Fighting broke out

  12. Conquistadors Spanish people followed the 3G’s People settled.

  13. Role of Disease in Exploration and Conquest • Deadly Diseases were brought to the new world (mumps, small pox, flu, etc.) • Disease spread fast • 90% of population died • Dr. Edward Jener – small pox vaccine

  14. Columbian Exchange Global transfer of plants, animals, foods, and etcetera.

  15. Encomienda System Conquistadors granted encomiendas (tracts of land and rights to demand labor or tribute from Native Americas) By 1500s Spain's empire – California to South America Viceroy – representative of the King that ruled each province

  16. Castas Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mullatos Spanish colonial caste system.

  17. Castas - continured Peninsulares – Spanish born Creoles – Spanish descent born in Americas Mestizos – Indian and Spanish descent Mullatos – African and Spanish descent

  18. Slave Trade Natives died and they needed slaves Slaves came from Africa – Stolen from their home Introduction of sugar cane

  19. Triangle Trade • Exchange of Goods and slaves from Europe, Africa, and The New World • 1st – Manufactured goods to Africa to be traded for slaves • 2nd – Slaves transported to West Indies • Slave exchanged for goods (Africa  New world) • 3rd – Sold raw goods (materials) for profit • (New World  Europe)

  20. Middle Passage • Brought slaves to Americas • Emslavedsometimes walked hundreds of miles to coast city. • There were horrific conditions on the ships that brought the slaves. • 100’s of people were crammed on one ship. • Once they arrived at the New World slaves were branded multiple times by different owners • More slaves = more profit • Slaves were shackled by their neck. Their was little to no space to move; they could also be shackled to the wall.

  21. Amistad – Middle Passage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nePOpkYwjY

  22. Colonization Mother country took control, set up economy and government You could only export raw good to Spain and only by Spanish manufacturers Laws forbid trade in other countries

  23. Mercantilism • Nations strength depended on its wealth • Goal: strong military; expand influence • Export more than you buy… • Important increases reserved of gold and silver through (1) mining and (2) sell more goods

  24. Tudors • Henry VIII • Act of Supremacy – 1534 • Edward VI – son of Henry VIII • 1547-1553 • Queen Jane Grey • Only in power for 9 days • Queen Mary • Wanted a child • Queen Elizabeth • Great Compromiser • Known as Virgin Queen • Evolved England and eventually took out Spain

  25. Puritans – sought to “purify” Anglican church practices, and simplify church authority. (Presbyterians, Congregationalists

  26. Stuarts • James I (son of Mary Queen of Scots) succeeded Elizabeth • Believed divine right (wanted minimum consultation) • Parliament was only summoned by the monarch (king.) • Began to raise taxes • Called for a translation of the Bible and the King James version

  27. RELIGIOUS TENTION: • Puritans wanted to end elaborate ceremonies at churches • Dissenters began to leave to the Americas • 1620 – separatists found Plymouth Colony • TENSION IN THE ROYAL COURT: • Corruption began in the Royal Court • Ruled by favorites, and sold titles to the highest bidder • 1604 – made peace with Spain • 1624 – England goes to war with Spain

  28. Charles I • War with Spain, Parliament supported the war but would not fund it • Extra Parliamentary – “higher taxes” (tariffs and duties) and forced loans • 1628 – Charles call Parliament and asks for money • They agree only if Charles recognizes (signs) “Petition of Right”

  29. Petition of Right • You cant force loans or raise taxes • No imprisonment because of these • Troops can’t be housed in private homes • Charles agrees to the terms • 1629 – Charles takes down Parliament

  30. Years of Personal Rule Charles made peace with Spain and France Raised taxes and enforced economic raises on people Imposed Anglican Book of Common Prayer 1640 – Charles forced Parliament back

  31. Parliament’s Reaction Parliament was angry for not being called for 11 years  Parliament tries to order Charles what to do and argues about what he says Charles dissolved Parliament again Scots defeat England that summer

  32. Long Parliament Active from November 1640 – 1660 Abolished courts that enforced royal policy Prohibited raising taxes

  33. Tension Intensifies October 1641 – Parliament asked to raise taxes Some thought Parliament should be to commander and chief January 1642 – Charles invades Parliament and arrested all that opposed him

  34. Civil War Charles left London and raised an army Parliament passed “Militia Ordinance” which allowed them the right to raise an army 1642 – 1646 (Civil Car Cavaliers – King supporters Roundheads – Parliamentary Supporters

  35. Oliver Cromwell Roundheads allied with Scotland Oliver – led Parliamentary army June 1645 – Charles was defeated Charles was put on trial and was found guilty of treason Executed on January 30th Parliament abolished monarchy, House of Lords, and Anglican Church

  36. Puritan Republic Attacked Scotland and Ireland, 1653 – House of Common wanted Cromwell to disband his army

  37. Charles II Son of Charles I returns as monarch Parliament reinstates House of Lords & Commons, Anglican Church, Bishops and Prayer Book Favored religious toleration Converts to Catholicism on his death bed

  38. James II Increased Catholic presence at all levels Some people wanted the daughter of James, Mary to agree to sign and abide by Bill of Rights 1688 – William and Mary arrived with an army but James fled

  39. Glorious Revolution Shift of power to limit monarchy.

  40. English Bill of Rights - 1685 Limited power to monarch, guaranteed civil liberty, privilege, and classes Freedom of speech, right to petition No one is above the law Influenced creation of American Bill of Rights

  41. France Under Louis XIV Become king at the age of 9, but his advisors ruled France while Louis was young Believed in divine right, ruled as absolute monarch Took sun as his symbol. Mythology – France revolved around him “I am the State” Gave positions in the government to nobles and wealthy business men.

  42. Versailles Spent decades to build a fortress of buildings in the palace Thousands lived at Versailles Levee – nobles competed for the honor to help him get ready when he woke

  43. Peter the Great - Russia • Absolute monarch at age 10 • Brother was mentally ill • Sister is Sophia and she tried to have both brothers killed • Peter escaped and came back and forced her into a convent. She became a nun. • 1696 – Peter’s mother died and he become the complete ruler

  44. He travels for 18 months to gather an army and to prepare for an attack on the Ottman Empire • During his travels he studied new ideas and technologies • He took what he knew back to Russia to reform • Westernize – adopted western ideas, technologies, and culture • Western style of dress – forced men to shave their beards • He would have lavish/extravagant parties with upper class women and men, they were expected to dance with each other.

  45. Strengthened military and expanded borders • Brought all institutions under his control • Pushed social/economic reforms and improved education • Conscripted – forced people into army/military (draft) • Anyone who resisted he would torture and kill them and put their bodies on display around the city. (Gov. buildings)

  46. Warm Water-Port – an area used for import/export and navy uses that would never freeze during the year. It was always accessible

  47. Catherine the Great (1729-96) Continued Peter’s reforms. She embraced western ideas, education for boys and girls and attacked the Ottman Empire, this allowed her to win a warm water-port Inspired by Enlightenment theories She divided Poland Revolutions – about to begin, people’s rights and place in the eyes of the government

  48. Absolute Monarch • Power that is not limited to having to consult nobles, or common people • Absolute power • Divine Right – belief right to rule received from God, must not be challenged

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