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Lihui Wang, Hiromasa Oku, Masatoshi Ishikawa. University of Tokyo, Japan

Development of variable-focus lens with liquid-membrane-liquid structure and 30 mm optical aperture. (e). (a). (f). (b). Lihui Wang, Hiromasa Oku, Masatoshi Ishikawa. University of Tokyo, Japan wanglihuiamos@gmail.com. (g). (c). (h). (d). Research Background. Normal Lenses :

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Lihui Wang, Hiromasa Oku, Masatoshi Ishikawa. University of Tokyo, Japan

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  1. Development of variable-focus lens with liquid-membrane-liquid structure and 30 mm optical aperture (e) (a) (f) (b) Lihui Wang, Hiromasa Oku, Masatoshi Ishikawa. University of Tokyo, Japan wanglihuiamos@gmail.com (g) (c) (h) (d)

  2. Research Background • Normal Lenses: • Single lens with Variable-focus: plastic glasses wikipeida.org

  3. Related Research • Liquid-Membrane Lens • single liquid chamber • deformable wall (1or2) • [−6.0 +7.6] diopters • optical aperture 7mm • 1ms response time • Liquid-Liquid Lens • [-50 +50] diopters • optical aperture 3.0mm • wavefront error 80.3nm at 109mm focal length • 2ms response time H Oku, et al. Optics Express, 2004 Dynamorph Lens • Driving mechanisms: • pressure, electreowetting, dielectric H Oku, et al. Applied Physics Letters, 2009

  4. Un-solved Problem (LensAperture) • Liquid-Liquid Structure (review Dynamorph Lens) • Capillary Length: • If D(lens aperture) < < lc(capillary length), Gravity Effect is negligible. Interface tension: 34.8mN/m Density water: 0.997g/cm3 capillary length=12.7mm >> 3mm (lens aperture) Density PDMS :0.975g/cm3 • What if Large Optical Aperture! • Key Point: Capillary Length  Surface Tension??? okay Dynamorph Lens

  5. Research Purpose • Variable-Focus Liquid Lens with Large Optical Aperture • Structures of liquid lens (30mm) • Sufficient optical performance • Theoretical analysis • Membrane Deformation • Spherical Deformation • Symmetry Deformation • Experiment • A prototype of liquid lens with 30m aperture • Evaluate optical performance Next slide Following Next slide

  6. Lens Structure • Liquid-Membrane-Liquid Structure • elastic force surface tension  capillary length Liquid-Liquid Lens • optical performance Liquid Membrane Liquid-Membrane Lens • large aperture Liquid

  7. Membrane Deformation 1/2 • 30mm diameter with boundary clamped elastic membrane • Silicon membrane parameters: • 30mm aperture, 0.1mm thickness, 1.8MPa Young modulus, 0.45 Passion ratio • Assuming uniform pressure acting on one side • uniform pressure of [1 10 20 40 60 80 100 130] Pa

  8. Membrane Deformation 2/2 • Recall capillary length • assuming Water and PDMS infused (referring Dynamorph Lens ) Elastic force average Elastic force Capillary length liquid-membrane-liquid lens liquid-membrane lens liquid-membrane-liquidis a possible solution Liquid-Membrane-LiquidvsLiquid-Membrane

  9. Spherical Deformation 1/2 • Comparison of 3mm variable liquid lenses Liquid-Liquid LensvsLiquid-Membrane-Liquid Lens • Evaluate Criteria: wavefront error Peak-to-Valley (PV) Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) • Liquid-Liquid Lens • Aperture 3mm • Liquid-Liquid interface • Wavefront error (PV, RMSE) • New Model • Aperture 3mm • Liquid-Membrane-Liquid • Wavefront error (PV, RMSE) Data from exist paper Experiment data Data from simulation Modeling 3mm silicon membrane Acting pre-gravity map of water-PDMS External pressure loaded 3D deformation optical path lengths Optical path lengths  spherical surface H Oku, et al. Applied Physics Letters, 2009

  10. Spherical Deformation 2/2 • Comparison of 3mm variable liquid lens Liquid-Liquid LensvsLiquid-Membrane-Liquid Lens Peak-to-Valley (PV) shows smaller wavefront error liquid-liquid lens liquid-membrane-liquid lens Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) liquid-liquid lens liquid-membrane-liquid lens

  11. Symmetry Deformation 1/2 • External pressure  elastic force  capillary length • elastic force relays on external pressure loaded. • gradually increasing • Conform by Finite Element Simulation (ANSYS) • membrane parameters: • 30mm aperture, 0.1mm thickness, boundary clamped • 1.8MPa Young modulus, 0.45 Passion ratio • infused liquid pair • Water and PDMS liquid • meshing the membrane into 1425 elements • large deformation under [0 ~ 120]Pa

  12. Symmetry Deformation 2/2 • External Pressure : 0Pa 5Pa 8Pa 10Pa 20Pa … … • Symmetry Deformation • external pressure >>26Pa • point of maximum deformation • moves to center step by step Water: 0.997g/cm3 PDMS: 0.975g/cm3 ---------------------------------- 0.022g/cm3

  13. Experiment 1/2 • Prototype • Liquid-Membrane-Liquid Lens • with 30mm aperture

  14. Experiment 2/2 • Optical performance • USAF1951 Chart • Resolution at f=150 mm • System magnified 2X Liquid Lens Imager Light USAF1951 window window membrane liquid 1 liquid 2 1.5f 3f Horizontal bar (Group4, Element1) System magnified 2X Vertical bar (Group4, Element2) Comparing with 11.6 lp/mm spherical interface(ZEMAX)

  15. Conclusion and Future Work • Variable-Focal Liquid Lens with Large Optical Aperture • Liquid-Membrane-Liquid Lens with 30mm aperture • Calculation & Simulation  Feasibility • Experiments  Prototype & Resolution • Future Work • Available liquid pairs. • Application ???

  16. Acknowledgement • Co-authors & Supervisors: • Dr. HiromasaOku, • Prof. Masatoshi Ishikawa.

  17. Sincerely appreciate for your time.

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